Tag Archives: Edward Said

China, Turkey, Orientalism, and Black Athena

Turkey and China: an Alliance to Conquer the World – Part II

When Napoleon invaded (1798) the Ottoman province of Misir (Egypt) and when the English and the French undertook the Opium Wars against Qing China (1839-1860), the two great Oriental Empires at the western and the eastern confines of the Afro-Eurasiatic landmass did not face simple enemies, who wanted to invade their territories, conquer their lands, and exploit their natural resources and historical treasures. This is essential for today’s administrations in Ankara and Beijing to fully comprehend, duly assess and understand the ramifications thereof.

The evil colonial states, which -because of their worldwide antagonism- dragged against the Empire of the Middle (Zhongguo – 中國) almost all the other empires and powerful states of the world, had far worse plans in their minds against China and the Ottoman Empire. Their evil schemes were well beyond the intellectual capacity of the Sultan and the Son of the Heaven (Tianzi – 天子) to possibly identify; this situation was not due to them but to their puerile academic systems and inadequate diplomacies that had never before attempted to duly study in depth the uncultured nations, barbaric cultures, and evil empires of Western Europe.  

In other words, the Ottoman Empire and China failed to realize the criminal intentions of the Western sciences of Humanities, Classicism, and Orientalism. The two great Oriental Empires did not timely develop their, truthful and genuine, Oriental Orientalism in order to demonstrate to people across the world how biased and counterfeit the Western Orientalism has been. And in addition, China and the Ottoman Empire did not create a still much needed science, namely an Oriental Occidentalism, which would be enough to enable all the nations worldwide to understand the barbaric nature, the evil character and the murderous intentions of the colonial states of France and England, and to learn in nauseating detail the academic forgery and the historical distortions of racist contents that the elites of France and England had already produced at the detriment of all the civilized nations of Asia, Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, and America.

—————————————————————-

“CLASSICS” MEANS ASSYRIA, BABYLONIA, EGYPT, HITTITE ANATOLIA, IRAN, CENTRAL ASIA, AND CHINA – NOT GREECE AND ROME

Classical Cosmogony (Creation or Genesis): Enuma Elish, not Hesiod, not the Bible!

Classical Cosmogony (Creation or Genesis): the Ancient Egyptian Heliopolitan Ennead, not Hesiod, not the Bible!

Classical Cosmogony (Creation or Genesis): the Ancient Egyptian Hermupolitan Ogdoad, not Hesiod, not the Bible!

Classical Spirituality: the Assyrian Tree of Life – Greeks & Romans did not develop Spirituality

Classical Spirituality: the Ancient Egyptian Book of Gates – Greeks & Romans did not develop Spiritual Sciences

Classical Epics: Atra-hasis, Gilgamesh, Ullikummi – not Homer

Classical Messianic Soteriology and Eschatology: Etana, Horus of Edfu, Illuyankas – not the Bible

Classical History: Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt, the Annals of Thutmose III, the Annals of Ramses III, the Annals of the Sargonid Emperors of Assyria, the State Archives of Assyria, the Res Gestae Divi Saporis – not Herodotus and Thucydides

——————————————————-

To be succinct, all the Sultans after 1798 and the Qing Emperors of the times of the Unequal Treaties (不平等條約 / 1842-1933) failed to realize that their pernicious enemies wanted mainly to invade their lands in order to

1- extensively distort their own History;

2- falsify their own Identity;

3- depict their great civilizations as lower and subordinated to the so-called Western Civilization;

4- conceal all major achievements, exploits and feats (or minimize them accordingly) of the Ottoman-Turanian-Islamic and the Chinese worlds;

5- viciously incorporate into the colonial academic fallacy of ‘World History’ (in duly distorted and extremely reduced form) the greatness of the Orient, namely:

a) the Ancient Civilizations of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, Canaan, African Atlas, Cushitic Eastern Africa, Yemen, the Iranian plateau, and the Indus River Valley, their unmatched epics, myths, symbolisms, world conceptualization, imperial universalism, and sacerdotal hierarchy of education and mysticism, their hitherto unsurpassed sciences, divination, and diachronic perception of World History, and their exemplary contextualization of the righteous human being as God’s superintendent on Earth,

b) the Turanian World’s illustrious past, spirituality, sagacity, heroism and martial arts, which covered originally Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Siberia and NE Asia only to be later diffused further to many other parts of the world, notably the Indus River Valley and South Asia, Iran, Anatolia and the Balkans,

c) the Islamic cultural heritage, the Islamic Wisdom (misnamed as ‘Islamic Philosophy), and all the Muslims’ scientific, academic, literary, artistic and architectural inventions, creativity and expansiveness (which originated only from the Ancient Oriental civilizations, and spread knowledge, science and civilization among the Western European barbarians), and

d) the magnificent contributions of China to World Civilization, China’s 5-millennium long, indissoluble interconnectedness with Turan (‘Central Asia’), the Iranian plateau, Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt, China’s reciprocal cultural exchanges with Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, and Cushitic Eastern Africa alongside the Silk-, Perfume (Incense)-, and Spice- Routes across lands, deserts and seas, and China’s openness to all types of spirituality, transcendental knowledge, intuition, religion, cosmogony, cosmology, and apocalyptic eschatology that came from the West, i.e. from Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria-Palestine, Egypt and Indus River Valley;

6- hide the World History’s top trait, namely the reality that all the Lights, all the supreme human visions and intuitions, all the supreme achievements of human spirituality, civilization, wisdom, myth, world conceptualization, messianic eschatology, knowledge, science, art, architecture and martial arts, and all the major historical events emanated from and took place in the geo-historical axis that links Egypt, Anatolia and Mesopotamia –through Iran, the Indus River Valley, and Turan (Central Asia)- with China;

———————————————————–

THE CENTER OF THE WORLD HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE AXIS THAT LINKS EGYPT, ANATOLIA AND MESOPOTAMIA -THROUGH IRAN, THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY, AND TURAN (CENTRAL ASIA)- WITH CHINA

The diffusion of Manichaeism from Mesopotamia to and Egypt and Anatolia, as well as to Iran, Turan and China reflects the axis around which revolves the World History. That is why Manichaeism was the World History’s first universal religion that spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific. However, Mani’s preaching emanated from Mesopotamia. That is why 600 years before the World History’s greatest founder of religion, Alexander the Great abandoned the worthless periphery of South Balkans and made of Babylonia his capital.

Nestorian Christianity reconfirms the reality that the Center of the World History is the axis between Mesopotamia and China. Without Roman or Eastern Roman armies to massacre the followers of other religions and the so-called heretics, without Spanish and Portuguese conquistadores to carry out genocide against the indigenous nations, Nestorian Christianity was diffused across the axis between Mesopotamia and China. The Eastern Roman Empire and Western European Christian kingdoms cover an minor fraction of the territories where Nestorians worshipped Jesus as son of Mary and not as son of god.

The History of the Silk Roads shows where the true Center of the World lies and where today’s world goes. The secular alliance between Turkey and China will put an end to the barbarians of Asia’s still uncivilized, western peninsula, i.e. Europe, and to the criminal Yankees, who have been alien invaders of the territories north of Mexico.

—————————————————————-


7- export and project the periphery, misery and barbarism of Ancient Greece, Rome and Western Europe (i.e. the trivial past and the inferior heritage of the Western European colonial powers) onto China and the Ottoman Empire as the world’s leading civilization and as the epicenter of World History, which a monstrous forgery. To do this, they had established a fake version of World History that represents the History of Ancient Greece, Rome and Western Europe in monstrously distorted form, in schizophrenically magnified and exaggerated description, and in fully indecent manner. In other words, the colonial forgers of the English and French pseudo-universities portrayed Ancient Greece and Rome as supposedly ‘Classics’ and as the so-called ‘Classical Civilization’ whereas -in terms of objective historical reality- the European South represents only the following:

a) the most ostensibly attested human incapacity to cope with the true World History’s true classical standards and golden criteria, namely those of Sargonid Assyria, of 18th dynasty Kemet (Egypt), of Hittite Anatolia, and of Amorite Babylonia;

b) the most deplorable deviation from the Ancient Oriental civilizations’ values, virtues and criteria;    

c) the most debilitated form of social organization, involving (in Greece)

i- uncouth, petty kings,

ii- brutish, cruel tyrants,

iii- uneducated fanatic priests, who persecuted the Ancient Greek philosophers,

iv- corrupt and vicious politicians whose sole ‘values’ were their own unholy interests,

v- racist historians, who -by the way- were not even indigenous but Anatolian traitors of their own lands, like the Carian Herodotus who wrote out of hatred against his own country’s rightful choice to accept the Achaemenid imperial rule,

vi- paranoid and vicious demagogues and preachers of division and strife, like Demosthenes, who opposed the Macedonian concept and successful attempt to subdue, unite and civilize the Greeks by forcing them to move to the Orient,

vii- pathetic authors like Thucydides, who idiotically wrote extensively about the civil war of Ancient Greeks (namely the Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BCE) because he did not have the Oriental wisdom to realize that by expanding on evil events one only reproduces evilness and negativity, and

viii- low level students of the Ancient Oriental priests, who after returning to Ionia, Aeolia (Western Anatolia), and South Balkans (‘Greece’), knew very well that what they had learned -in the temples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran- too little to be duly called ‘wise men’ or ‘sages’. That is why they intentionally coined the new term ‘friendliness to wisdom’ (philo+sophia) from which originates the Latin and modern term ‘philosophy’ {and philosopher: ‘friend to wisdom’ (philo+sophos)}; they actually wanted to accurately denote their lower and subordinate position vis-à-vis their tutors and masters, namely the Ancient Oriental hierophants, high priests, sages, and wise elders of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Phoenicia and Iran;

d) the most divided group of tribal city-states spiritually destitute, culturally impotent, intellectually trivial, and tribally incapable to envisage for themselves the possibility to establish an empire (Greece);

e) the worldwide first and most paradigmatic Anti-Semitic (Anti-Carthaginian/Anti-Punic) ‘republic’ (res publica) and the world’s most scathing case of brutish and racist, culturally crude, and religiously insolvent ‘kingdom’, which was unlucky enough to be early degraded to ‘republic’ only to become an ’empire’ after the Oriental example of Assyria in order to oppose Iran, i.e. one of two most civilized, sophisticated and universalist empires of the then world (Rome);

8- put out of sight the pivotal Oriental impact on the formation of the ‘Occident’ (Ancient Greece, Rome and Europe) as civilized land; actually,

– without the numerous settlements of Phoenicians and Carthaginians across Southern Europe,

– without the introduction of the Phoenician alphabet in Greece and Rome,

– without the Hittite Anatolian impact on the Achaeans (one of the so-called ‘Greek’ tribes),

– without the migration of Oriental populations (notably the Danaans) to the South Balkans,

– without the queues that Ancient Greeks made out of Ancient Babylonian, Egyptian and Iranian temples in order to study there the Lights of Civilization,

– without the military expedition of Alexander, king of Macedonia, who conquered the Greeks to take them with him to the Orient and civilize them in Anatolia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran, Bactria, Sogdiana and elsewhere,

– without the flood of Oriental forms of spirituality, cosmogony, cosmology, soteriology, eschatology, esoteric cults, and mysticisms that swept away the primitive religion and puerile mythology of the Ancient Greeks,

– without the overwhelming spread of Oriental faiths, beliefs, and religions that swept away the unsophisticated religion of the Ancient Romans, and

– without the influx of Mithraism, Ostanism, Chaldean Oracles, Isiac Egyptian religion, Anatolian cults (of Savazios, Cybele, etc.), Syrian and Phoenician faiths (Atargatis – Syrian goddess, Adonis, etc.), Gnosticisms, Hermetism and Manichaeism across Greece, Rome and Europe (where hundreds of Mithraea and Isea have been unearthed), and

– without the arrival of Christianity, i.e. one exclusively Oriental religion, to Greece, Rome and Europe,

…. the western peninsula of Asia (i.e. Europe) would have never gone out of the status of a chaotic and barbaric periphery of the civilized world.

In fact, in the early 20th c., after the demise of the Great Mughal Empire of South Asia, the decline of Qajar Iran, and the engineered by the colonial West, gradual and subversive academic westernization of Russia’s educational system and intellectual elite, only China and the Ottoman Empire could oppose the colonial plan of the Western European powers to diffuse worldwide the aforementioned perverse dogma, its distortion of the World History, its misrepresentation of historical sources and the archaeological material record, and the associated racist political conclusions. Unfortunately for the Qing and the Ottomans, they did not have at the time the necessary spiritual, intellectual, scientific and academic infrastructure to attempt an ingenuous feat of such dimensions, because both empires constituted at the time two decayed worlds.

———————————————————————–

HAN DYNASTY (漢代中國) IN CHINA (202 BCE – 220 CE) REPRESENTS THE CHINESE PART OF CLASSICS OF THE WORLD HISTORY

Dahuting tomb wall painting with representation of a banquet

Wall Painting from Luoyang Museum of Ancient Tombs

Han times’ tomb pottery

Silk-woven fabric

Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue: a classical historical source for the World History

Weilüe: a classical historical source for the World History

Wall paintings dating back to the times of Han dynasty in China: exemplary classical Art for the History of the Mankind, reflecting moments of spiritual life (the first) and activities of daily life (the second)

—————————————————————————–

Today, Turkey and China must understand that their existence and national integrity is at stake, because of the same plans of England, France and America, i.e. the latest offspring of the colonial powers. Only when Turkey and China will split in many pieces, the colonial gangsters and pseudo-academics of the West will be sure that their Anti-Turkish, Anti-Turanian, Anti-Islamic, Anti-Chinese, Anti-Confucian, Anti-Buddhist, Anti-Asiatic, Anti-African, and Anti-Oriental forgery managed to prevail worldwide. This is obvious because wherever the colonial powers impose and install in power their stooges, i.e. the indigenous, colonized elites, these puppets quasi-automatically accept and locally adapt the aforementioned racist and inhuman dogma of Eurocentric (or Greco-Romano-centric) version of History, which is gravely detrimental to their own spiritual and cultural National Heritage.

In fact, for all the Asiatic, African, Central and Eastern European, and American nation, any governmental-academic-intellectual support, acceptance or even tolerance of the fallacious Greco-Romano-centric version of History and the ensuing colonial racism is tantamount to high treason and must end with the respective punishment upon the heads of the idiotic and bribed local politicians and pseudo-statesmen, who carried out such a sacrilege and national shame.

Therefore, to successfully cancel the destructive work of the colonial academia, Turkey and China today have to join forces and see their common future – not only in the sphere of commercial-economic cooperation across the New Silk Road (One Belt One Ring), not only at the level of military alliance (within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization), not only within the context of bilateral governance and diplomatic partnership, but also – in terms of a vast academic, scientific, educational, intellectual, and cultural coalition and synergy geared to

A- refute, denounce and eliminate the fallacy of the racist Eurocentric (or Greco-Romano-centric) version of History;

B- introduce a combined Oriental Orientalism and Oriental Occidentalism to replace across the Earth the colonial academic scoundrels, who still propagate sick, obscure, and inhuman concepts such as Renaissance, Classicism, Hellenism, Western Orientalism, European ‘Enlightenment’, Libertarianism, Left Liberalism, and other obnoxious nonsensical notions;

C- diffuse the new academic branches of truthful representation of World History, namely Oriental Orientalism and Oriental Occidentalism, across all continents by launching a great number of bilaterally organized, bilingual Turco-Chinese “Silk Road Universities” across the world; 

D- overthrow the present status quo in UNESCO, which is controlled by the academic-intellectual cholera of racist France;

E- awake all the previously politically-militarily subjugated and still academically-intellectually-educationally-culturally colonized nations of the world and offer them the chance to better study their own past once liberated from the deeply colonial and absolutely racist Eurocentric (or Greco-Romano-centric) version of History, which moved across the world due to the Western colonial expansion;

F- establish, provide and promote a vast academic, educational, intellectual, and cultural inter-exchange worldwide on the basis Oriental Orientalism and Oriental Occidentalism, thus obliterating once for all the inferior, barbaric and catastrophic misrepresentation of Ancient Greece, Rome and Modern Europe from the World Cultural Heritage.

Turkey and China will prevail worldwide at the levels of governance, economy, and defense, only if they impose academically-intellectually-educationally-culturally the Oriental Truth over the Falsehood the colonial dogma of Eurocentric version of World History. Otherwise, even if China, Turkey and their allies prevail worldwide, due to the advanced decay and decomposition of the European Union, USA and England, they will be ultimately and calamitously held captive of the colonial fallacies and of the racist Eurocentric forgery, which have long been spread across the world. Then, the destructive forces, which have been unleashed by means of this evil, colonial academic-intellectual system of distortion of the World History, will vehemently turn against China, Turkey and their allies, duly corrupting them and in turn destroying them. 

After all, what did the colonial powers try to do, by diffusing the falsehood of the Eurocentric (or Greco-Romano-centric) version of History?

– They attempted to make of uncivil and unholy rascals like Pericles and Alcibiades the example for all the humans.

So, it is easy to conclude to the colonially imposed, academic-intellectual tyranny of the Western gangsters is tantamount to sacrilege, profanity and barbarism; the Eurocentric (or Greco-Romano-centric) version of History is not only a desecrating lie and an inhuman deception; it is a straightforward insult against the Cultural and National Heritage of all the civilized nations of this world.

If the atrocious fallacy of the colonial, Greco-Romano-centric dogma of History is not utterly eliminated, the only possible ensuing result will be the engulfment of the entire world into ceaseless divisions, bloody conflicts, civil wars, interminable strives, and permanent crusades undertaken in the name of Christianity by the most Anti-Christian states and forces of the world. This is only normal after all; when your model for ‘historian’ is the author of a civil war narrative, you are definitely plunged into civil wars without even understanding it. Then, you idiotically or hypocritically state that you ‘study’ Thucydides to ‘draw the lessons of History’ only to be plunged into one more war – one of the many for which worthless, garish, barbarian Europe has become historically famous.

That is why it is compulsory for Turkey and China and their academic and intellectual elites to duly focus on the pioneering work of leading scholars who, although they studied in the Western world and were part of the Western elites, had the honesty and the courage to reject the Western colonial fallacy and the villainous pseudo-historical Greco-centric dogma. Then, Martin Bernal with his legendary Black Athena and Edward Said with his renowned Orientalism, as well as the contents and the concepts of their contributions, must become known  to all the pupils across the Earth, replacing the hitherto prevailing colonial, Greco-Romano-centric dogma of History. The racist rascals of the decayed Western European and North American pseudo-universities must be left without audience and close down.

———————————————–

Download the article in Word doc.:

In Ancient Egypt, at any given moment, there was never one Egyptian Religion

Excerpts from my correspondence with a Tunisian reader about the ‘Ancient Egyptian Religion’

Question

Many thanks dear Friend for your long email,

I’m from Sfax, and by chance I worked about Ramsenites a kind of stories widely spread in north africa. You are specialized also in old languages and I have a question about the representation in old egypt about Amoon sun-rise coming from the east Arabia? with smell of perfume and myrrh, is it true that rulers of old egypt were from yemen? So by the way what is the new traduction of this word in hieroglyphic (Cf. enclosed)

Response

You ask me about Ancient Egypt and Amun of Thebes.

I believe sometimes many Orientalists trying to do the best did the worst! And the result is that they confused the rest of the world.

So, I fully agree with Edward Said’s criticism and even I wrote about it.

I feel sorry that Egyptologists flooded the world with wrong terms, really! No bad intentions involved, but when someone is not attentive and watchful, misreading is caused with incalculable consequences. Very simple terms are very mistaken indeed. You say ‘Ancient Egyptian Religion’ (I don’t speak of you but in general): first mistake!!!!

Today, we distinguish Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, etc.

In Ancient Egypt, at any given moment, there was never one Egyptian Religion.

Different priesthoods developed tremendously divergent interpretations of the Divine Order, the Spiritual Universe, the Creation, the Material Universe, and the human society; in doing so, they had contradictory world views, moral and spiritual principles, and narratives; they then conceptualized the reality in opposite manners.

Yes, there is one Egyptian Civilization, one Egyptian Culture, but many Egyptian religions; and by this of course I don’t mean Aten, Akhenaten and the Atonic Religion, but the systems that antedated Akhenaten for more than two millennia and which survived the Amarna revolution.

Aten.png

Akhenaten,_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg

There were different religious (and imperial) capitals, opposite centers of spiritual-religious systems, and conflicting priests and followers.

It is very wrong to describe the totality of the Ancient Egyptian religions as polytheistic. There were several monotheistic systems for which there were no gods, but one God and many attributes of God. This is very different from what modern concise presentations of the Ancient Egyptian faiths state. And of course there were also polytheistic systems in Ancient Egypt, and there were constant clashes among the followers of the opposite systems. In those fights, all the monotheists sided together against all the polytheists, but this does not mean that there was just one monotheistic and one polytheistic systems; there were more.

Because of this, initiation rites helped all those priesthoods solidify and perpetuate themselves through the ages by hiring new adepts who would then become high priests, generals, land lords, prominent noblemen, top administrators, and pharaohs.

And by using a sophisticated language, which contained a vast field of semiotics, they set up systems of perception and understanding that were impressively and incredibly multilayered: these supreme spiritual and mental constructions that are unmatched by today’s top scientific disciplines, philosophies and ideologies were the original forms of the Ancient Myth.

Then, an agricultural laborer perceived one myth as x; but an initiated priest, scribe, general, administrator perceived the same myth (i.e. the same narrative) as x2; then a higher initiate perceived the same myth as x3; an even higher initiate as x4; a great mystic as x105; and the great high priest as x100.

The Heliopolitan system (Ennead) was a markedly monotheistic system in its origin and until the crepuscular times of the Egyptian civilization.

ennead.jpg

If one only studies the names of the divine aspects that are the elements of this system, one understands immediately that they were not conceived as ‘gods’; example: Osiris, Wser, meant ‘the Well Being’. Of course, it was cut to pieces by Satan, i.e. Seth; and it disappeared among men. This is exactly what the Bible and the Quran describe as our Forefathers’ expulsion from the Paradise. The Well Being is not anymore with us. But the Biblical and Quranic descriptions are lower, poorer and weaker.

osiris.jpg

Ignorant or devious scholars of our times insist that Hathor is a … goddess! How silly! This aspect of the Divine Order may well have been perceived as a ‘goddess’ in late times of the Egyptian civilization (such as the 1st millennium BCE), but in the original myth – which represents the absolutely truthful perception of the spiritual and the material reality – Hathor was not a goddess. How silly is it to consider as ‘goddess’ an entity whose name in Egyptian Hieroglyphics meant exactly “the House of Horus”?

hathor.jpg

The same concerns the Hermupolitan system (Ogdoad).

Ogdoad.jpg

Contrarily, the Memphitic theology (around Ptah) was totally polytheistic.

Ptah.png

And so was the Theban Trinity, which is the aboriginal Trinity in the History of the Mankind.

amunritual.jpg

As I already said, there were many clashes among the various Ancient Egyptian systematic theologies; as the different religious – spiritual systems were structured with impenetrable temples, initiates, adepts and followers, the only chance to harm an opposite system was either to elaborate composite forms of the Divine (in order to acquire the credibility of another theological system’s element and in the process alter the original faith of the system in which the targeted element belonged), such as Amun Ra (of the Theban priesthood), or to attribute deviate characteristics or different, degraded perception to an element of the opposite priesthood’s system.

In this manner, and with the progressive rise of polytheism, the earlier aspects of the Divine ‘became’ gods for most – but all – of the Ancient Egyptians during Ancient Egypt’s later periods.

But at the very original stage, anthropomorphism and zoomorphism in the conception of the divine world related to the lower spiritual (or astral) sphere and had nothing to do with primitive tribes’ totems and polytheistic rituals, as materialist propagandists claim while impersonating professors and academicians to the detriment of the Mankind.

amun.jpg

Only deep and extensive experience in the spiritual spheres can allow someone understand what it means – as example – that the Divine Aspect of Wisdom (i.e. the Wisdom of God) has to represented as a human’s body with an ibis’ head (like Djhawty – Thot). Material(istic) scholarship is genuinely incapacitated to understand – let alone explain – this theoretical approach, which originates entirely from spiritual spheres.

Thoth.jpg

So, what you ask me about Amun Re is a later (dating back to the times of the New Empire at the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE), composite form and has no originality in the 3rd millennium. In its origin, Amun as a Theban polytheistic god has no relationship with solar ideologies. When the Theban priests composed the form Amun Re, they did it in order to set up an imperial ideology and doctrine, while at the same time isolating / alienating the Heliopolitan monotheistic priesthood from the imperial headquarters at all levels, spiritual, theological, administrative and local. During most of the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BCE, Iwnw (Heliopolis) was a marginal and destitute religious center; however, it managed to keep polytheists at bay.

Amun Re certainly appropriated solar attributes of the Heliopolitan Ra, and was therefore said to rise in the Orient.