Selim I, Ismail I, and Babur

Pre-publication of chapter XIX of my forthcoming book “Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey – 2500 Years of indivisible Turanian – Iranian Civilization distorted and estranged by Anglo-French Orientalists”; chapters XXVII to XXXII form Part Eleven (How and why the Ottomans, the Safavids and the Mughals failed) of the book, which is made of 12 parts and 33 chapters. Chapters XXVII and XXVIII have already been pre-published.

Until now, 21 chapters have been uploaded as partly pre-publication of the present book; this chapter is therefore the 22nd (out of 33) to be uploaded. At the end of the text, the entire Table of Contents is made available. Pre-published chapters are marked in blue color, and the present chapter is highlighted in gray color. 

In addition, a list of all the already pre-published chapters (with the related links) is made available at the very end, after the Table of Contents.

The book is written for the general readership with the intention to briefly highlight numerous distortions made by the racist, colonial academics of Western Europe and North America only with the help of absurd conceptualization and preposterous contextualization.

References made to entries of the Wikipedia offer average readers a starting point for their research; they do not signify acceptance and approval of their contents.

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Certainly, the Safavid Empire was not the first Islamic state established by a mystical order; but earlier states launched by mystical orders were either set up in small and remote territories as form of local resistance against the Islamic Caliphate like the Babakiyah (Khurramites) or organized as a secret subversive movement coordinated from mysterious, faraway, unreachable and impregnable headquarters, like those of the Hashashin Isma’ilis (known as Assassins in Western literature). In this regard, at the level of governance, the main difference between the Safavids and the Isma’ilis was the fact that the latter did not try or even plan to proclaim an empire, whereas the former, even before solemnly announcing their empire, felt that they had the task to entirely reshape the Islamic world.

Selim I

Ismail I Safavi

Babur

The Safavid Order had the apocalyptic, eschatological and messianic feeling that their task would be the only way to save the Islamic world; they felt that they had the divinely bestowed obligation to institute a secular empire across the Islamic world, which would be based on spiritual values, moral virtues, cultural traditions, and epic revival. The name of the empire was no lees imperial than the following expression: “the Realm of the Outspread Universe of Iran” (ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران /Molk-e vasi-ye fezaye Eran); one understands automatically the importance of Ferdowsi’s epic narrative and the cosmological dimension that Safavid spirituality gave to the state that the venerable members of the Order launched. The term ‘Iran’ does not denote either the territory of a nation/ethnic group or the land controlled by a state; all these divisive, nonsensical, modern notions were nonexistent at the time. In the very beginning of the Safavid times, the term ‘Iran’ was not even used.

Prof. Ali Anooshahr, speaking at the symposium “The Idea of Iran: The Safavid Era” (https://www.soas.ac.uk/lmei-cis/events/idea-of-iran/27oct2018-the-idea-of-iran-the-safavid-era.html; Center for Iranian Studies, SOAS; 27 October 2018) about the topic “Historiographical perceptions of the transmission from Timurid to Safavid Iran”, explained how historians of the early 16th c. dealt with the transition from the Timurid to the Safavid period. His speech is available here (from 8:10 until 46:19): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkvUfU2ruKM

The most important historians of the early Safavid times were Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad Khwandamir (Habib al-Siyar; Khulasatu-l Akhbar; Dasturu-l Wuzra), Abdallah Hatefi (Khamsa), Amini Haravi (Futuhat-e shahi), Fazli Khuzani Esfahani (Afzal al-tawarih), and Fazl-Allah Khonji Esfahani (Tarih-e alamara-ye amini).

It is interesting to herewith include selected excerpts from Prof. Anooshahr’s well-founded speech, notably (11:30 onwards/no editing involved):

“There was no idea of something called Iran in this transition period”.

“The word ‘Iran’ only shows in Amini’s book twice; once is paired with Turan; and then immediately afterward, when the Rumi (: Roman) envoy shows up on behalf of the Ottoman Emperors”.

“As far as the people of the time were concerned, the actual participants in these events, they had no idea of Iran, and this was not because they were alien or unpatriotic, in fact they were non-patriotic, because there is no patriotism; this was because they had a radically different idea of territory than we do today. So, in our modern conception, people are defined as a nation, they own the land that they live on, and this land has a particular characteristic that is shared between it and all the people”.

“When Amini writes about territory, he sublimates it by using the Quran and comparing it to heaven; he does not connect it to any kind of territorial identity at all”.

“The establishment of Twelver Shi’ism, based on this text, does not seem to be that important. And then the establishment of a kind of Ancient Persian Empire is actually not on their agenda”.

As a matter of fact, Safavid Iran was the entire universe for the members of the Safavid Order, and as such it had no ethnic/national dimension or character and no religious identity. Spirituality was all that mattered. Even more importantly, it was not proclaimed only to encompass the territories that the Safavid emperors finally controlled, as Western Iranologists perniciously suggest, perversely viewing the Safavid empire’s territory as simply a larger ‘version’ of the modern pseudo-state of Iran. For the members of the Safavid Order, “Molk-e vasi-ye fezaye Eran” had the divinely entrusted task to contain the entire circumference of the Islamic world.   

Four major monarchs between Rome and China

Between Rome and China, four persons, who played a determinant role in the final formation of major empires and in the final delineation of their borders, were born between 1450 and 1487.  In chronological order they are as per below:

i. Muhammad Shaybani (Muhammad Shaybani Khan or Abul-Fath Shaybani Khan; 1451-1510), grandson of Abu’l-Khayr Khan, and Genghisid founder of the Khanate of Bukhara (1500), one of the empires that were formed after the split of the Golden Horde and demise of the precarious Uzbek Khanate; he evidently did not make any distinction between a) Turanians and Iranians (which shows the extent of the completed ethnic Turanization of Iran) and b) those who are fallaciously called today ‘Shia’ and ‘Sunni’ by colonial Orientalists, diplomats or statesmen and Islamic terrorists and extremists alike.

Muhammad Shaybani; 16th c. portrait painted by the famous Iranian artist Kemaleddin Behzad

The fight between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani (1510); from the manuscript Tarikh-i alam-aray-i Shah Ismail (the world adorning History of Shah Ismail)

Bukhara; Chor-Bakr burial place constructed under Muhammad Shaybani (1505-1510)

The state of Muhammad Shaybani

ii. Selim I (سليم اول / Yavuz Sultan Selim; 1470-1520), grandson of Mehmed II and son of Bayezid II; he ruled the Eastern Roman Empire only for eight years (1512-1520), but he was by far the most important sultan of the 600-year long dynasty for having expanded the Ottoman territories more than any other. Then, there was no ‘Ottoman Empire’; not one man used that term at the time. The term ‘State of the Ottoman family’ (دولت عليه عثمانیه‎ / Devlet-i ‘Alīye-i Osmaniyeh) was introduced centuries later. Selim I was the Padishah (پادشاه‎), i.e. the ‘Great King’, thus bearing an Iranian title that goes back to the early Achaemenids who antedated him by two millennia. Selim I was also (βασιλεύς Ρωμαίων / Imperator Romanorum / قیصر روم‎ / Qaysar-i Rum, lit. “Caesar of the Romans”) like his father and grandfather after 1453, because Mehmed II claimed the title after conquering Constantinople, George of Trebizond endorsed the claim, considering Mehmed II as emperor of the world, and Gennadius Scholarius, Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, fully recognized the title.

The state of Selim I was also viewed by others as the Roman Empire (in the sense of the Eastern Roman Empire, because the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist in 476 CE). From the aforementioned speech of Prof. Ali Anooshahr, I quote another excerpt here (exactly after 12:07 in the above mentioned video and link):

“I am referring to what we call ‘the Ottoman Empire’; but if the topic today is to look at how people perceived their own territoriality, then we shouldn’t call it ‘the Ottoman Empire’, because they didn’t call it that way; they called it ‘the Roman Empire’ (ruled by the Ottoman family)”.

Selim I was not styled “Commander of the Faithful” (أَمِير ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين‎ / ‘Amir al-Mu’minin) for most of his reign, and when he could claim the title, the majority of his subjects rejected it for him. The same concerns the later and minor title “Servant of The Two Holy Cities” (خَادِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن‎ / Hadimü’l-Haremeyn), which is somewhat a historical novelty introduced only as late as the 12th – 13th c. Last, it is only after 1517 that Selim I was accepted as ‘Caliph’ throughout his realm and dependencies.

Selim I (Yavuz Sultan Selim); portrait painted by the Ottoman artist Nakkaş Osman (16th c.)

The territorial expansion of the Ottoman Sultanate (focus on Anatolia and the Balkans)

Portrait (end of 18th-beginning of 19th c.) painted by the Christian Orthodox Eastern Roman artist Konstantin Kapıdağlı (Κωνσταντῖνος Κυζικηνός; Konstantinos Kyzikinos)

Ottoman Empire around 1520

Miniature from the 16th c. manuscript Hüner-nāme; I, Library of the Topkapi Palace Museum

The Ottoman Empire in 1875

Sultan Selim I and the Grand Vizier Piri Mehmed Paşa

Selim I portrait painted by Aşık Çelebi

Painting showing Selim I during the Egypt campaign, Army Museum, Istanbul

Portrait of Selim I painted by Paolo Veronese (Paolo Caliari); Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen – Staatsgalerie in der Residenz Würzburg

From the personal belongings of Shah Ismail that were captured by Selim during and after the Battle of Chaldiran. Topkapi Museum, Istanbul

iii. Babur (ظَهير اَلَدّين مُحَمَّد – Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad; 1483-1530) was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, the Timurid governor of Ferghana who was the son of Abu Sa’id Mirza; consequently, Babur was the great grandson of Abu Sa’id Mirza’s father, Sultan Muhammad Mirza, governor of Samarqand for some time, whom due to an unknown reason Babur did not even mention in historical boon Babur-nameh. This implies that Babur was the great-great grandson of the father of Sultan Muhammad Mirza, Miran Shah, who was the third of Timur’s four sons. So, Babur was the great-great-great-grandson of Timur.

If he is basically known through his nickname (‘tiger’), this happens because he truly deserved it. Babur became the ruler of Ferghana at the age of 11 (in 1494), and he was an outstanding and exceptional adolescent in every sense. In his rather brief but most eventful life that had unprecedented ups and downs, Babur had to incessantly fight hard for long and in a most adventurous and often thunderous manner, undertaking campaigns, laying sieges, and winning battles, but also losing his capitals. He was defeated by Muhammad Shaybani, and he spent years in humiliation and poverty without a real shelter.

However, he managed to capture Kabul (1504) and to control parts of today’s Afghanistan; he then benefited from Ismail I’s victory over Muhammad Shaybani (1510), recaptured Samarqand, and prepared his army for the major campaign and the greatest success of his life, namely the invasion of the Indus River and the Ganges River valleys, the demolition of the Delhi Sultanate, and the foundation (1524-1526) of the Mughal Empire (1526-1858). So, triumph came at last to this intellectual soldier and philosopher-conqueror. By all means, Babur would have made -in a terrible historical irony- the perfect son to Timur himself!

iv. Ismail I Safavi (1487-1524) was none other than the son of Shaykh Haydar, the Grandmaster of the Safavid Order and the founder of the Qizilbash military order. It is noteworthy that his maternal grandmother was none other than Despina Hatun, i.e. Theodora Megale Komnene, of John IV of Trebizond, who became Muslim to get married (1458) with Uzun Hassan, the Aq Qoyunlu sultan, whose daughter Martha (mainly known as Alamshah Halime Begum) -in very young age- got married (1471) with Shaykh Haydar.

However, tribally and imperially, Ismail I’s lineage was not as important as the ancestry of Muhammad Shaybani, Selim I, and Babur, but his spiritual-mystical backing was incommensurately stronger; people of different origin, occupation and location could instantly rush to his support and give their lives personally for him. And his great military advantage was his unpredictability, which was due exactly to his spiritual-mystical backing. His opponents would never know from where his fighters would surface to protect him and defend his cause. 

Contrarily to Muhammad Shaybani who had the youth of a regular soldier, and to Selim I who spent years in palatial intrigues as he was his father’s third son, Ismail I was an exceptional youngster like Babur; but his father’s spiritual potency made an enormous difference. This is difficult to assess properly today, but in the circle of the Anatolian-Caucasus-Iranian-Central Asiatic members of the Safavid Order and the Qizilbash fighters, Shaykh Haydar was believed to be God Incarnate (elah) – in the spiritual (not theological) connotation of the word. This meant nothing less than an absolute faith as per which the infant Ismail, long before establishing the Empire of the Safavid Order, was believed to be ‘ebn Allah’ (Son of God).

Western colonial historians and Orientalist forgers, in their incessant effort to distort the historical reality of the Safavid times, select deliberately anti-Safavid authors of those days, like Fazl-Allah Khonji Esfahani, take their premeditated narratives at face value, attach to them several fake, pseudo-Islamic theological concepts, such as the ‘ghulat’, and portray the Safavids as ‘Shia extremists’ or ‘antinomians’ (another fake term), which is absolutely absurd. As said in the previous chapter, there cannot be religious evaluation of spiritual matters; this means that every attempt of theological interpretation of a spiritual term or expression is a failure already before it is stated. In fact, there are no ‘ghulat’ at all.

This term is a neologism, which is attributed by modern scholars to various mystics and spiritual masters (of different Islamic periods), who were misunderstood in their times by their theological critics. The perverse colonial interest in promoting the ‘ghulat’ bogus-literature and in using the fake term for people, who were not called ‘ghulat’ in their times, is due first, to the Western academics’ distortive effort to generate the nonexistent ‘Sunni vs. Shia’ divide, and second, to the Western intellectuals’ vicious attempt to portray several Muslim mystics and spiritual grandmasters as ‘heretics’, whereas the difference between Islam and Christianity hinges exactly on this point, namely that there cannot be ‘heresy’ within Islam.

Ismail I was undoubtedly an extraordinary youngster who lived in strict mystical seclusion for five years (from 7 to 12), before appearing as almost the Islamic Messiah (Mahdi). It is necessary to straightforwardly clarify at this point that this term has a totally different meaning in spirituality and in religion (or theology). Meanwhile, the bright and exceptional apprentice was communicating with several members of the Safavid Order and the Qizilbash army though a sophisticated network of agents that was too difficult for others to identify, let alone put under control.

For Ismail I Safavi’s early stage of life (during those five years), there were certainly several parallels between his concealed existence and that of Muhammad ibn al-Askari, the Twelfth Imam (who was born in 869 and finally disappeared in his Major Occultation in 941). However, only theological misinterpretation of spiritual activities and narratives could lead to the wrong assumption about an eventual identification of Ismail I with Muhammad ibn al-Askari. Not one member of the Safavid Order was confused in this regard.  

After having lived his childhood in the forests of Gilan, he appeared to his brethren and followers at 12 (in 1499), he achieved an unexpected, great victory over the Shirvanshah ruler Farrukh Yassar two years later (1501), and he was crowned king at 14. Thus, he was catapulted to power in the most exulting terms, whereas his merry, exuberant and legendary entry to Tabriz was followed by endless feasts, imperial banquets, endless consumption of wine, and fabulous erotic delights.

He who says that wine (or alcoholic drinks in general) is prohibited in Islam is either a conniving Westerner (diplomat, statesman, agent or academic) strongly motivated by his vicious hatred of the true, historical Islam or an idiotic puppet of the Western powers, i.e. an ignorant and idiotic, fanatic and extremist, Islamist sheikh, who – as per the Satanic orders of his Western masters – believes that “Islam is the Quran and the Hadith”. Quite contrarily to this fallacy, the extensively misinterpreted and calamitously misunderstood sacred texts of Islam do not represent even 0.001% of the existing voluminous literature (in classical Islamic languages, namely Arabic, Farsi, various Turkic languages, and Urdu), which has to be first studied, then correctly perceived and plainly comprehended before one attempts to read the Quran and the Hadith. No holy text exists without exact conceptualization and comprehensive contextualization. 

The sacred texts of Islam (similarly with those of every other religion) cannot be accurately and succinctly understood per se except in the light of literary, spiritual, historical, theoretical and scientific texts of the Golden Era of Islam. The same occurs in Christianity; without the Patristic Literature (Patristics or Patrology, i.e. the texts written by the Fathers of the Christian Church) no one can possibly understand correctly the New Testament, the Old Testament, and the true, historical Christianity. The fallacy, as per which anyone today can understand the Gospels and the other sacred texts of Christianity without the Patristic Literature, is a deviate, Protestant – Evangelical distortion.

The aforementioned four Muslim emperors were all authors, poets and highly educated and cultured monarchs. Muhammad Shaybani composed his Bahr ul Huda, a theological, moral treatise, being widely known as a consummate polymath and an erudite scholar who highly valued books, manuscripts, epics and arts. Selim I wrote poetry in Farsi and Turkish under the penname Mahlas Selimi. Babur excelled in prose; he elaborated his own biography in Chagatai Turkic; the legendary Babur nameh (Book of Babur) is a major historical source for the History of Asia during the 15th and 16th c.

Ismail I Safavi composed spiritual poetry in Turkish and Farsi under the penname Khatai, i.e. ‘the one who makes mistakes’; in and by itself, this fact constitutes the complete confirmation of the aforementioned statement, namely that there cannot be religious evaluation of spiritual matters. Confessing one’s own mistakes -by selecting a name that makes this reality so explicitly known- is full indication of humanity; a perfect human accepts that he/she makes mistakes. By using this penname, Ismail I fully demonstrated that the term ‘ebn Allah’ (Son of God) attributed to him was not meant in a rationalistic theological way but in terms of spiritual symbolism, which is absolutely unfathomable to juristic, rationalistic and materialistic theologians.

In the existing manuscripts (preserved in Tashkent and Paris) of Ismail I Safavi’s poetry, there are ca. 260 qasidas and ghazals, quatrains, morabbas, mosaddas, and three mathnawis (different types of Islamic poetry); two of his mathnawis are quite lengthy, namely the Dah nameh and the Nasihat nameh. Bektashis in Anatolia and the Balkans, as well as the Shabaks in Mesopotamia, extensively recite Ismail I Safavi’s poetry in their spiritual sessions down to our days.

The interaction of those four great emperors was not trouble-free, peaceful and bloodless; at times, it even took a dimension of extreme monstrosity. During the period 1497-1504, Babur and Muhammad Shaybani were repeatedly engaged in battles against one another, particularly for the control of Samarqand. Muhammad Shaybani proved to be Babur’s real nemesis, but both of them captured, lost and recaptured Samarqand several times. As Babur had a small basis of support in Central Asia, he undertook a most adventurous campaign in 1504, and with few men he captured Kabul, making of the area his new base. He made an alliance with a distant relative, namely the ruler of Herat Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah; but Muhammad Shaybani chased him from there too.     

As Muhammad Shaybani was an ally of the Ottoman family and of Bayezid II, the father of Selim I, he concentrated his efforts in the East and Southeast, against the Hazara Turanian nomads in Khorasan (currently located in central Afghanistan) and the Kazakhs. In fact, his campaign against the Hazaras was a disaster, because first his cavalry had many casualties and second the war against the Hazaras produced a major reaction among the Qizilbash, because many members of the military order were of Hazara origin. Then, Ismail I Safavi, who had spent many years, invading and dismantling the Akkoyunlu state and its last remaining forces in Iran, Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia, and Mesopotamia, turned against Muhammad Shaybani. Then, in the Battle of Merv, the Qizilbash army, after devising a trick (i.e. a feigned retreat), ambushed and slaughtered an almost double Uzbek force.

The excesses after the Qizilbash victory were exorbitant; Muhammad Shaybani’s corpse was cut to pieces and parts were sent to be in public display in many cities; his skull ended up as a gold-plated cup for Ismail I. The cup was later sent to Babur himself, and the same occurred to one of Muhammad Shaybani’s wives, namely Khanzada Begum, who was Babur’s elder sister. These gestures started an era of cooperation between Ismail I, who had just risen to prominence, and Babur whose army and the Qizilbash fought side by side against the Uzbeks at the Battle of Ghazdewan (1512); however they were defeated there, and this event marked the end of Babur’s dream of recovering his father’s kingdom at Ferghana. For some time, Babur accepted Ismail I as his own emperor, while he was struggling to impose his rule in the mountains between Central Asia and the Indus River valley.

Opposing Ottoman allies at the Battle of Ghazdewan, Babur (today portrayed as a ‘Sunni’ by colonial Orientalists) became an ally of Ismail I Safavi (currently labeled as a ‘Shia’ by European and American historical forgers) and therefore an enemy of Selim I (nowadays described as a ‘Sunni’ by Western academics). The reality is totally different: Ismail I was a spiritual mystic, who became the ruler of a secular empire controlled by the army (Qizilbash) of his mystical order (Safavid), whereas Selim I was a palatial intrigue man controlled by evil theological circles and people who caused divisions, civil wars, internal strives and terrible bloodshed in the Eastern Roman Empire (of the Ottoman family). Then, in striking opposition with both, Babur was an intrepid, intelligent and opportunist, yet formidable, soldier entirely motivated by the dream to create an empire greater than his father’s and Timur’s.

The spread of Qizilbash force, movement, worldview, mentality, and lifestyle among Anatolian pastoralists was overwhelming in the 1500s. It triggered its own dynamics, which was not controlled anymore by the Safavid Order and the newly established Safavid Empire. The mystical order of Şahkulu was the perfect continuation of many long centuries of Anatolian Islamic spirituality and mysticism; it was energized by the introduction of the Qizilbash concept (an army for a mystical order that would establish a secular universal empire).

Ismail I Safavi in an incident from his campaign against Shirvan; he is charging down a mountain in pursuit of the King of Shirvan; miniature from the manuscript Shahnama-i-Ismail (Tabriz style), ca. 1540 (MS Add. 7784, f.46v. British Museum, London); his distinctive turban has twelve folds representing the twelve Imams of whom Ali ibn Abi Taleb was the first.

The Aq Qoyunlu tribal khanate (1378-1503) around 1475, i.e. 25-30 years before it was defeated and incorporated with the Safavid Empire

Miniature from a 17th c. manuscript with mystical representation of Sheikh Safi ad-din Ardabili (1252-1334) blessing the young Shah Ismail I; gouache heightened with gold on paper. The historic mystic is depicted at the top of a minbar in the mosque holding a Qur’an and blessing Shah Isma’il (identified in small brown script) who stands on a lower step of the same minbar, surrounded by courtiers and elders.

Ismail I Safavi offers an audience to the Qizilbash, after they have defeated his opponent Shirvanshah Farrukh in 1500; miniature from Bijan’s Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Khaqan Sahibqiran (A History of Shah Ismail I), which was written in Isfahan in the late 1680s. The painting was created by Muin Musawwir, a famous artist who also illustrated six editions of the Shahnameh.

Ismail I Safavi and his soldiers cross Kura River in the Caucasus region

Ismail I Safavi defeats Sultan Murad, the last ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu, near Hamadan in 1503.

Miniature from a manuscript of Bijan’s Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Khaqan Sahibqiran (A History of Shah Ismail I), which was written in Isfahan in the late 1680s. It was painted by or in the style of Mu’in Musavvir; gouache heightened with gold on paper. Ismail and his courtiers are depicted on horseback while hunting.

The fight of Ismail I Safavi against the Dulkadiroğulları in Southeastern Anatolia

Ismail I Safavi watches his soldiers defeat the Musha’sha (المشعشعية) messianic leader Sultan Fayyad in Khuzestan; from the miniature of a manuscript of the late 1680s.

Representation of the Battle of Merv between Shah Ismail and Shaybani Khan; fresco in the Chehel Sotun Palace in Isfahan

Ismail I Safavi’s envoy Ganbar Agha appears before the last Aq Qoyunlu ruler Sultan Murad; miniature from a manuscript of the 1670s

Representation of the Battle of Chaldiran (1514); fresco in the Chehel Sotun Palace in Isfahan

The helmet of Ismail I Safavi

The Şahkulu Spiritual Movement

However, the Anatolian mystical order was not stricto sensu created by the Safavid Qizilbash. Many Western Orientalists totally misinterpret the role, the scope, the targets and the motivations of the founder and grandmaster of the eponymous order; Şahkulu (also known as Shah Qoli Baba or Shah Kulu or Shah Quli or Karabıyıkoğlu, i.e. the son of the man with black moustache) was certainly not a Safavid puppet who attempted to subvert or infiltrate the Ottoman state; this misinterpretation is absurd. Şahkulu was an Anatolian original.

In this regard, colonial academics totally distort everything, even the real meaning of Şahkulu’s name! It is true that in Turkish, this word means ‘the servant of the Shah’; however, this is not meant in a theological and rationalist manner, but with a purely spiritual connotation. Şahkulu was indeed the ‘servant’ of the ‘Shah’, but according to the terminology of an Islamic mystical order, ‘Shah’ is God. In fact, even worse lies and incredible distortions are published by Western colonial historians as regards the bloodshed, the persecution and the oppression of the Anatolian Qizilbash by the usurper of the Ottoman throne Selim I. The reason for these lies is evident: on the misrepresentation of the historical events that took place in Anatolia during the dramatic period 1510-1512 hinge both, the entire falsification of the Ottoman History and the fallacious theory that “the Ottomans were Sunni and the Safavid Iranians were Shia”. In addition, Western historians tried systematically to obscure the fact that the Ottoman ruling class followed Maturidi theology, whereas the uncontrolled but intentionally tolerated majority of the madrasas and the imams were impacted by Ash’ari concepts.

As a matter of fact, the so-called Şahkulu İsyanı (rebellion), which was not an uprising but a messianic fervor, and the subsequent events, namely the battle of Chaldiran (1514) between Selim I and Ismail I, bear witness to the gradual rise of a pseudo-Islamic theological school at Istanbul (under the Hanafi madhhab coverage). Those indoctrinated and ignorant sheikhs progressively destroyed the Ottoman Empire with their absurd inhumanity and obdurate idiocy, which invariably took the form of nonsensical argumentation, strict anachronism, theological rigidity, verbal rationalism, worldly materialism, and nonsensical involvement in the governance of the expanding empire. Their worst and most catastrophic trait however was their explicit revilement and utmost hatred of Islamic spirituality (Batin/ باطن; Batiniyya/ باطنية; these terms literally means ‘inner’ and ‘esotericism’, but they have nothing to do with Western esotericism/mysticism).

These Istanbulite theological circles were not powerful at the time, but gradually, during the 16th c., they managed to prevail within the Ottoman court; their achievement was the destruction of Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma’ruf’s Islamic Observatory of Istanbul in 1580 – an event that marks the irrevocable death of the Islamic Civilization. In 1510-1512, the same theological circles plunged Anatolia in terrible bloodshed; this was due to their determination to oppose the prevalence of Şahkulu Qizilbash spirituality. That’s why these pseudo-Muslim theological circles always represented the ‘enfant gâté’ of Western academics: they constituted indeed the perfect guarantee for the destruction and the disappearance of Islam, because they could be (and they were) easily induced by Western colonial agents to trigger interminable divisions and fratricidal wars among the Muslims.

Selim I was not predestined to become a sultan, as he was the fourth among the eight sons of Bayezid II. Şehzade Abdullah was the first among Bayezid II’s eight sons, but he died young in 1483; Şehzade Şehinşah was the Ottoman sultan’s fifth son and he was very well educated and militarily strong, but he never gained the support of the Ottoman bureaucracy, administration and theological nomenklatura. Although governor of big cities and loved by the people of Karaman, he died in 1511 for unknown reasons, possibly poisoned by some vicious Ottoman theologians. Born in 1465, Ahmet (known as Şehzade Ahmet; 1465-1513) was the second son of Bayezid II; born in 1467, Korkut (known as Şehzade Korkut; 1467-1513) was the third son of Bayezid II. Şehzade Mahmud (1475-1507), the younger brother of Şehzade Ahmet, died in 1507 for undefined reasons. Seventh son of Bayezid II was Şehzade Alemşah (1477-1502) who also died in 1502 or 1503 for unspecified reasons.

Compared to Şehzade Ahmet and to Şehzade Korkut, Selim I (born in 1470) was a far cry and an unimportant prince, even more so since Bayezid II’s favorite candidate to his succession was Ahmet. However, the Ottoman court had always been a matter of Istanbulite palatial intrigues, intra-family fights, and endless fratricides, pretty much like those occurred during the Eastern Roman times in God-damned Constantinople. Bayezid II (1447-1512; his reign started in 1481) had to fight to secure his succession, because Cem Sultan (1459-1495), his younger brother, laid claim to the throne. Selim I was an insubordinate, rebellious, idiotic and absolutely unworthy son, who was manipulated by the evil Istanbulite theologians as to how to plot, cheat and connive against his own father. This is what the pseudo-Islamic madhhab (jurisprudential schools) and theological schools were reduced to at those days – and ever since down to our days.

Selim I rebelled against his father not for any other reason, but because the vicious theological circles of Istanbul, which are nowadays mistakenly called ‘Sunni’, wanted to use him against the spread and the rise of the Şahkulu Anatolian spirituality. The succession to the throne of Bayezid II was only the pretext. In fact, Ahmet (Şehzade Ahmet) did not only have the right of primogeniture, but also his father’s consent and favor; that’s why the disloyal son and puppet of Istanbul’s evil theologians Selim I had to ceaselessly plot against his father.

In addition, there was a confusing and disastrous tradition in the Ottoman family, as per which among the dying sultan’s sons, whoever reached the dead monarch’s bed first would (or could eventually) become his father’s successor. A clear sign of the chaotic situation that prevailed in the Istanbulite palace of the disorderly, lawless and faithless family was the disastrous fact that, in order to make sure that the eventually insubordinate crown princes and the other princes would not fuel a rebellion against the sultan, the Ottoman rulers used to send their sons to faraway provinces in order to serve there as local governors – which in turn reduced their chances to successfully plot. This meant that distance mattered greatly at those days!

Ahmet was the governor of Amasya in Northern Cappadocia (675 km from Istanbul), Korkut was the governor of Antalya (then called Teke, in Pamphylia) in the southern coast (640 km from the capital), and Selim was the governor of Trabzon (1060 km from his father’s palace). In that ridiculous situation, everyone was preparing for the forthcoming confrontation; it was therefore normal that Ahmet rejected his father’s appointment of Suleyman (son of Selim I, who became later known as Suleyman the Magnificent) as governor of Bolu, because of the small distance that separated the tiny and insignificant city from the Ottoman capital (only 260 km). Suleyman was then sent to the Ottoman Crimea (Kefe or Kaffa or Caffa; today’s Feodosia).

Incessantly plotting, Selim asked his father to appoint him as governor in a sanjak in Rumeli (: Balkans). Bayezid II rejected this bizarre demand because the Ottoman sanjaks in the European territory of the empire were smaller, more recently acquired, and unfit for princes. This fact shows that Anatolia was always the central and most important part of the Ottoman state, as it was of the Eastern Roman Empire in earlier periods.

Involving foreigners in acts against his father’s decisions and affairs, Selim asked the help of the Tatar Khan of Crimea and he was finally appointed as governor of the pashalik of Belgrade (then named in Turkish as ‘Semendire Sancağı’, i.e. Sanjak of Smederevo), which is located at a distance of 900 km from Istanbul. However, instead of staying at the headquarters of his administrative province, the disloyal, immoral and faithless Selim approached Istanbul, and then Bayezid II had to fight against him and defeat him in August 1511. Selim escaped to his Tatar friends in Crimea, but at the same time, the Şahkulu spiritual movement and the ensuing messianic fervor took disproportionate eschatological dimensions in Anatolia, and the sultan tasked Ahmed to impose order and discipline through the Ottoman Empire’s eastern provinces.

As a matter of fact, there was never a Şahkulu rebellion, contrarily to what most of the historians claim nowadays. There was instead a passionate messianic fervor and the Ottoman attempt to suppress the spiritual movement was met with resistance. This situation cannot be termed as ‘rebellion’, because there was no intention for rebellion among the members and the followers of the Şahkulu mystical order. They did not want to overthrow any authority or to impose themselves as the rulers. As every spiritual movement brings forth liberation and salvation, a large number of people across Anatolia viewed in the Şahkulu movement and in their Qizilbash army the promise and the perspective of a better life free from the Ottoman family’s incompetence and incessant butchery and bloodletting; but this was not tantamount to public disobedience or disorder.

As spirituality enables the faithful to understand the real purpose of this life and of the Hereafter, the Şahkulu members, followers and army knew quite well that the Ottoman princes had absolutely no legitimacy to possess the wealth they garnered and to hold the positions they had. In terms of spirituality, states do not exist or are not needed; these evil social structures have absolutely no value and no authority for any spiritual mystic and any spiritually-awakened person.

Şahkulu Qizilbash army raids on cities, on Ottoman treasures, on imperial caravans, and on regional administration centers started therefore becoming very frequent around 1510. It is essential for both, experienced historians and erudite readership, not to evaluate those developments with today’s average Western mentality and approach; there was nothing illegal in those acts. They were absolutely just, moral and lawful; even more importantly, they were viewed as such by the outright majority of the Anatolian populations. In any case, ‘lawful’ is only the ‘just’ and the ‘moral’, in striking contrast to the modern Western societies and their lawless laws, criminal nature, and evil states that are all doomed to perish.

The historical reality was as simple as that: the Qizilbash soldiers were not thieves; quite contrarily, the Ottoman princes, administrators and theologians were crooks. Şehzade Korkut’s caravan was attacked once, whereas the beylerbey of Anatolia (Anadolu) was defeated, when he tried to engage the Şahkulu forces in battle. Then, Bayezid II realized that his empire was about to crumble in Anatolia; he therefore sent Şehzade Ahmet (1511) and the Grand Vizier Hadım (: eunuch) Ali Pasha in order to protect his, his family’s, and his gang’s lawless interests. I severely criticize the Ottoman sultan because he was ruling his realm as a disgrace; when a ruler is not just, moral and lawful, it is the plain right and duty of every person to take justice in his hands.

The dispatch of Şehzade Ahmet happened at the same time, when Bayezid II was fighting against his lawless, faithless and rebel son Selim; this was a development Şehzade Ahmet had to keep a close eye on. During the battle against the Şahkulu forces (near Kütahya), Şehzade Ahmet tried therefore to close a personal deal and an alliance with Şahkulu Karabıyıkoğlu himself; in other words, he attempted to gain his support, as well as that of his movement and of the Qizilbash army for the succession to the Ottoman throne. This would be an excellent solution for all, namely the local populations, the Anatolian Qizilbash, the messianic mystic, and the heir of the Ottoman throne. 

Şehzade Ahmet’s attempt to ascend to power with the support of the Şahkulu movement, if it brought forth great results, would make of the Ottoman Sultanate {then still called ‘(Eastern) Roman Empire’} a perfect copy of the Safavid Empire: a Turanian Empire ruled by a spiritual order. This would trigger exceptionally positive and truly propitious changes across the Islamic world, entirely revivifying Islamic spirituality and terminating the catastrophic theological indoctrination, which finally prevailed and gradually destroyed the Islamic World totally.

Of course, Şehzade Ahmet was not a mystic and he acted only out of his personal interest. Şahkulu Karabıyıkoğlu tried then to gain him to his own cause; however, the affair was very risky, and unfortunately the news leaked. Then, Şehzade Ahmet had to persuade Hadım Ali Pasha that the scope of the negotiations was other, ask him to continue the battle against the Qizilbash army, and run to major Anatolian cities to gain wider regional support for his ascension to the Ottoman throne. The correct place for this was Konya, the leading center of Anatolian spirituality.

The forces of Hadım Ali Pasha pursued the Şahkulu Qizilbash army and after several minor engagements, in the battle of Çubukova (Eastern Cappadocia), both Şahkulu Karabıyıkoğlu and Hadım Ali Pasha were killed (July 1511). However, the Qizilbash force was not dispersed and remained actively powerful. Having prevailed over his rebellious son Selim in August 1511, the embattled Bayezid II had to deal with the chaotic situation of his empire in Anatolia. As Şehzade Ahmet controlled Konya and disobeyed his father’s order to return to his position, Bayezid II believed that the true reason for the spread of the Şahkulu movement was Ismail I; this was a very wrong conclusion, because the Anatolian Qizilbash force was totally independent from the Safavid state. Actually, in the ensuing exchange of royal correspondence, Ismail I totally rejected any involvement in the Şahkulu events in Anatolia; he even went on to explicitly condemn the Anatolian Qizilbash attitude and practices.

Meanwhile, Şehzade Ahmet attempted to advance to Istanbul and dethrone his father, while Selim was in Crimea; however, he failed to advance, as he was blocked by the imperial guard before Bursa. At the same time, Selim gathered a Tatar force and, relying on the Istanbulite theologians’ and bureaucrats’ timely messages and direct support, returned to Istanbul in April 1512 and dethroned his father; no less than a month later (26 May 1512) Bayezid II died dishonored in shameful exile (in Dimetoka, today’s Didymoteicho/Διδυμότειχο on the Turkish-Greek border).

The confrontation between Şehzade Ahmet, who had gathered Qizilbash support in the meantime, and Selim I took place in April 1513 near Bursa, and after an initially indecisive clash, Şehzade Ahmet was defeated and killed. Although Şehzade Korkut had accepted his younger brother’s reign in 1512, Selim I had him killed too, in 1513. An extraordinary purgatory took then place against all the remaining nephews of Selim I, so that the bloody reign of the Ottoman butcher may not be endangered in any way; this would also concern particularly Şehzade Murad, the son of Şehzade Ahmet, who was viewed by the outright majority of the Anatolian population as the rightful heir to the Ottoman throne. However, Şehzade Murad was clever enough to escape to Eastern Anatolia, which was totally out of Ottoman control, communicate with Ismail I, get his support, and coordinate with other Turkmen and Qizilbash forces in order to oppose and eventually overthrow Selim I.

The terrain of the Şahkulu movement

Full of hatred, rancor and hysteria, Selim I carried out an unprecedented ‘white terror campaign’, killing dozens of thousands of civilians under the fake pretext of supporting the Qizilbash army; numbers vary in several historical sources, but an estimate of 50000 people would not be far from truth. This extraordinary bloodshed took place in only one third of today’s Turkey’s territory, namely Western Anatolia. Subsequently, a great number of captives were sent to Rumeli (European provinces of the Ottoman state) and finally settled in Mora Eyalet (ایالت موره; Eyalet-i Mora, today’s Peloponnese in southern Greece).

After the previous description, it becomes clear why, in today’s absurd, disastrous, anti-Turkish and pseudo-Islamic regime of Turkey, one can find journalists who still remember the illustrious Şahkulu movement, having however shaped a disastrously mistaken opinion about it. The so-called ‘political islam’ was indeed fabricated by the French, English and American Orientalists in order to entirely replace the traditional knowledge of the Muslims about the true historical Islam; for this project, an entirely fake History of the Islamic World was scrupulously written, taught and propagated by thousands of Western Orientalist forgers over the last 200 years.

The Islamic forgery of the Western academics did indeed match the ideological forgery that is known as ‘political islam’: they proved to be the two sides of the same coin. The scope of Western Islamology (or ‘Islamic Studies’) was exactly to come up with narratives, which would offer venues to all the Islamists and to the stupid Muslim followers of ‘political islam’ to misperceive the Şahkulu movement (and generally, the entire History of the Islamic World) and to thus shape a totally distorted idea about this topic (and about thousands of other topics). This was done in order to engulf all the Muslims in a totally false perception of the History of the Islamic World, and in an absolutely compact ignorance of their past and heritage.

The fallacious contextualization of the history of the Şahkulu movement had therefore started long before the English secret services selected the ignorant street seller Erdogan for the position to which they raised him, duly fooling the Turkish military, academics, politicians, and businessmen. As he functioned as the prefab puppet of the worst enemies of the Muslims, a false reading of the History of Islam spread throughout Turkey (as it had already been the case in all the other Muslim countries which, contrarily to Turkey, were colonized). As a matter of fact, nowadays all the worthless theologians and disreputable sheikhs of Diyanet (Turkey’s so-called ‘Directorate of Religious Affairs’) are the equivalent of the uneducated, idiotic and evil theologians of the times of Selim I.

A typical example of historical distortion concerning the Şahkulu movement in today’s Turkey is offered by the shameless villain and crook Murat Çolak who published a ridiculous article in the local newspaper of Kahramanmaraş (formerly Germanikeia) ‘Maraş Gündem’ on the 16th July 2018 under the nonsensical title “FETÖ’nun Tarihsel Kökleri Şahkulu İsyanı ve 15 Temmuz” (The historical roots of FETO organization, the Şahkulu Rebellion, and July 15), which is an allusion to the failed coup of the 15th July 2016. Useless to add that there is no connection at all between the Şahkulu movement (not rebellion) and Fethullah Gülen, the notorious leader of the said organization; https://www.marasgundem.com.tr/makale/fetonun-tarihsel-kokleri-sahkulu-isyani-ve-15-temmuz-16277

The war between the Ottoman state and the Safavid Empire had become inevitable, because the unprecedented killings and the Istanbulite anti-Anatolian malignancy caused an even greater reaction among all the populations of Anatolia, Turanian or not. Selim I and Ismail I exchanged several insulting letters prior to the historic Battle of Chaldiran (August 1514) and some of them have been preserved down to our times. They only bear witness to their reciprocal rejection, without however using the colonially-imposed (starting with the 19th c.) false terms ‘Sunni’ and ‘Shia’. About: 

Rıza Yıldırım, Turkomans between two empires: the origins of the Qızılbash identity in Anatolia (1447-1514).

Click to access 52925088.pdf

Yasin Arslantaş, Depicting the other: Qizilbash image in the 16th century Ottoman historiography

Click to access 0006379.pdf

Yusuf Küçükdağ, Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah İsmail’s Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia

University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences 7(1):1-17 (2008)

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/223506

https://www fas nus edu sg/hist/eia/documents_archive/selim.php

Click to access 02selimismail.pdf

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ottoman-persian-relations-i-under-sultan-selim-i-and-shah-esmail-i

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calderan-battle

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-i-safawi

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-khayrids-dynasty

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Таварих-и_гузида-йи_нусрат-наме

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaybanids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Selim

https://www.academia.edu/79310004/Masters_of_the_Pen_The_Divans_of_Selimi_and_Muhibbi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babür

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburnama

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/بابر

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ظهير_الدين_بابر

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mirza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miran_Shah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal-Mongol_genealogy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanzada_Begum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazdewan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._İsmail

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/شاه_اسماعیل_یکم

Darius the Great’s Suez Inscriptions: Birth Certificate of the Silk Roads

https://silkroadtexts.wordpress.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marv

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazdewan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanzada_Begum

Click to access anatm_1297-8094_1997_num_7_1_946.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_rebellion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa_schools_of_theology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batin_(Islam)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiniyya

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism

https://ottoman.ahya.net/node/100

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Bayezid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II

https://www.konyapedia.com/makale/3308/sehzade-abdullah-abdullah-bin-bayezit-ii

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C5%9Eehin%C5%9Fah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(II._Bayezid%27in_o%C4%9Flu)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_Observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)#Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror#Conquest_of_Constantinople

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Names

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-vi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Khwandamir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_al-Siyar

https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=709213

Click to access jaas072001.pdf

https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/2866

https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/499?lang=en

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatefi

https://iranicaonline.org/articles/golat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat

Comparative evaluation

An objective assessment of the four Turanian rulers whose Iranian education and culture was evident may lead us to devastating conclusions. Finding themselves in different environments, they failed to go beyond the limits of their ‘worlds’. Still, this was imperative for the survival of their respective realms, taking into account what was happening in the Western confines of Asia, namely the pseudo-continent of Europe, which is Asia’s most worthless, most troublesome, and most barbarian peninsula. Consequently, we have to consider them as the initial reason for the collapse of their states, despite the fact that these empires lasted long and fell after 350-400 years. The sole exception is certainly Babur; but he also failed to effectively convey to his offspring and successors the mindset, the predisposition, the attitude, and the ensuing behavior which undeniably helped him transform his Central Asiatic failure into an Indian triumph.

The really embarrassing part of the conclusion is the ascertainment that all four rulers were very civilized, highly cultured, and impressively educated; it goes without saying that I use these terms with the connotation they had at the time, and not the meaning that they have in our fallen, corrupt and putrefied world. They all failed to assess the serious problems that existed in the Islamic World during their lifetime and they proved to be unable to detect the lethal threats that were mounted against their empires and more generally the entire Muslim World. Again, the only exception is Babur, because the time between his conquest of the Sultanate of Delhi and his death is truly brief.

With the exception of Ismail I Safavi (1501-1524), all the rest experienced a rather brief period of reign. Muhammad Shaybani ruled for 10 years (1500-1510); Selim I reigned for only 8 years (1512-1520). And Babur was the sovereign of an empire only for 4.5 years (April 1526-1530). One can truly be astounded with their narrow horizons, naïve approaches to governance, profane understanding of reign, and simplicity in worldview.

Muhammad Shaybani was the living intersection of all things Iranian and Turanian; from his paternal side, he belonged to the lineage of Shayban (also written as Shiban) who was the fifth son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan; Jochi was the ancestor of all rulers of the Golden Horde. This means that Muhammad Shaybani was indeed associated and concerned, one way or another, with all the states that came out of the split of the Ulus Jochi (as the Great Empire of the Golden Horde was named at the time), namely the Kazan khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Qassim Khanate, the Astrakhan khanate and the Nogais.

Muhammad Shaybani was almost 30 years old at the time of the renowned Ugra standoff (1480), when the emperor of the ailing Great Horde failed to impose his dictates on the formerly tributary statelet of Muscovy; Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde and Ivan III of Muscovy, facing one another from the opposite banks of Ugra River, hesitated to cross the river and start fighting, This rather bizarre event is generally considered as the beginning of Muscovy’s independence from the Golden Horde.  

From his maternal side, Muhammad Shaybani was the cousin of Janibek’s son Kasym Khan (reign: 1511-1521), the great Kazakh ruler, who expanded his khanate at the detriment of the Bukhara Khanate. Furthermore, according to the historical treatise “Tavarikh-i guzida-yi nusrat-namah” (Chagatai: تواریخ گزیده نصرت‌نامه ; Таварих-и гузида-йи нусрат-наме), which was elaborated by Alla Murad Annaboyoglu in the early 16th c. (ed. V. P. Yudin/В. П. Юдин, Alma Ata 1969), Munk Timur, i.e. Muhammad Shaybani’s great-great-great-great grandfather, was married to the daughter of a Turanian descendant of Ismail Samani (849-907; reigned after 892), the founder and first ruler of the Samanid dynasty of Eastern Iran, one of the states that seceded from the Abbasid Caliphate while also recognizing the caliph as the head of all Muslims.   

In spite of the aforementioned, briefly presented, background, Muhammad Shaybani remained always a sectarian and tribal ruler. Despite the fact that he was unbiased in his approach to people, although he did not discriminate among Iranians and Turanians (therefore viewing them as one nation), and in spite of the fact that he was truly tolerant in his stance towards Muslim mystics, theologians, members of various tariqas, and followers of different madhhab, he clearly proved to be a treacherous subordinate (to Sultan Ahmed Mirza, a Timurid), a cruel oppressor of the Kazakhs, a disastrous ally to khanate of Moghulistan, a distant and useless friend to Bayezid II, and a consummate plunderer. His poor judgment relied on tribal lineage, family affairs, and petty calculations; this resulted in vindictive deeds, sheer opportunism, and day-to-day governance. He would not be a match for any strong strategist who intended to create an empire. Hating all the Timurids, he defeated Babur several times, but he did not prevent him from establishing one of the world’s greatest empires of all times.

Muhammad Shaybani’s silly head had a well-deserved end; the skull served as a lovely drinking goblet in the hands of Ismail I Safavi. One can even assume that, although it was graciously bejeweled, the goblet was thrown to the ground many times, during those fabulous feasts and banquets of Tabriz – just for fun!

Among these four monarchs, Ismail I Safavi was certainly the best prepared to reign; but he was still acting as a semi-nomad pleased with what was available in nature around him. During his early years in the throne of Tabriz, he used to spend time, camping in the mountains and hunting for several months; there was no urgency to conquer lands and territories. The expansion of his empire was slow and it took the form of a joyful endeavor instead of a serious state affair, scrupulous programming or a major expansion stratagem. There were certainly many wars, notably against the Shirvan kingdom (in part of today’s Azerbaijan), the Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms of Georgia that became vassal states, and the Aq-Qoyunlu nomadic sultanate that was entirely eclipsed, but there was no methodical undertaking in this regard. Not a care in the world!

Within few years, the empire of Ismail I Safavi replaced the Aq-Qoyunlu tribal confederacy, but there were no second thoughts, no back thoughts, and no serious observations, let alone monitoring, of developments, state affairs, and relations among neighboring states. To offer an example, not one Iranian magistrate in the court of Ismail I Safavi took note that two Kakheti Georgian embassies had been dispatched by Alexander I to Ivan III of Muscovy (in 1483 and 1491) as soon as the tiny statelet stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde.

Ismail I Safavi and his spiritual brethren, namely the members of the most ancient and most venerable Safavid Order and the combatants of the Qizilbash contingent, acted out of free will and spiritual illumination. They did not need to even name their empire; at the beginning; the structures of state were rudimentary, and there was no bureaucracy at all. Ismail I Safavid was indeed closer to Cyrus the Great than Shapur I was. Living the epic moments superbly narrated by Ferdowsi, Nezami Ganjavi and others, performing the spiritual exercises of Saif ad-Din Ardabili, and staying in cities only during the cold winter months of the Iranian plateau, they gave the impression that wars consisted merely in short break times of a peaceful eternity that they enjoyed. Fearless to die in battle, knowledgeable about the Hereafter, and devoted in their vow, they were less envious, possessive and worldly than most of the soldiers of their time. There was no need for a rational plan for war, because this is genuinely evil; there was impulse for war instead – which is genuinely human.

This situation may perhaps appear as confusing and unpromising to many people, but it is not. Of course, it is normal for a mystical fighter to believe that due to the synergy between his soul and body, he is indomitable and invincible; this conviction is basically correct and true. However, it takes a very high degree of moral discipline and of self-restraint for the spiritual potency and the inherent impulse of the fighter to be exacted and exerted. Quite unfortunately, Ismail I Safavi’s spiritual master and mentor, Hossein Beg Laleh Shamlu, tolerated a great degree of self-gratification, self-complacency, and even exuberance; he was lenient with the rising emperor, his brethren, and his guards. This did not bode well for the ruler, his army, and his empire. Compromised moral is tantamount to weakened spirituality and emollient attitude conditions human integrity.

This explains perfectly well why, after his defeat in Chaldiran (1514), Ismail I Safavi collapsed and lived the rest of his life ashamed, in sadness, despair, lamentation and uncontrollable alcoholism; in reality, there was nothing to be sad for. During the battle, the Iranians were about to mark a thunderous victory, being provenly better trained to fight; the Ottomans won only because they started using gunpowder artillery that the Iranians did not have. Even worse, the Ottoman army was about to be cut to two pieces, because the Janissaries did not accept to fight against and kill their Muslim brethren. Actually, the Ottoman soldiers who used the cannons that they had transported with greatly difficulty also murdered Ottoman Janissaries. However, a mystical fighter with compromised moral and self-indulgent attitude certainly collapses after a defeat; quite contrarily, a mystic strongly experienced in ascetic self-denial never feels sorrow, frustration and depression – ever after an extreme adversity.   

Having to fight against monstrous criminals, rancorous establishments, bloodthirsty rulers, rancorous enemies, inhumanely cruel soldiers, professional serial killers, and greedy armies that sailed off to intentionally perpetrate genocide in Mexico and to circumvent Africa by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope, the Safavid elite was rather living in a dream that turned out to become a nightmare for Iran and for the almost the entire world. Iran had always been a major empire with long maritime tradition; Achaemenid Iran is credited with the merge of several earlier regional trade routes that had existed for millennia; this was due to the unmatched, royal administrative genius of Darius I the Great (522-486 BCE).

Darius the Great’s contribution to the emergence of the east-west trade network was twofold: a) the establishment of the Royal Iranian Road and b) the circumnavigation of the Arabian Peninsula and the direct maritime connection of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea with the Persian Gulf. Oman was always an Iranian satrapy; and during the Sassanid times, Iran invaded also Yemen, which was a focal land for the world trade between East and West. However, this background was entirely lost and the Safavid elite did not care at all about the maritime presence and strength of their empire despite the fact that in the beginning of the 16th c., Iranians still controlled an important part of the commerce between East and West, having always been an important constituent of the Islamic times’ navigation and trade. But for all the people around Ismail I Safavi, treasures were to be mainly collected from lands conquered and cities pillaged.

For the case of Ismail I Safavi, one is however tempted to think that the historical heritage itself rather than the various individuals and the ruling elite resurrected the Iranian Empire under the Safavid dynasty. The spiritual exercises of the Safavid Order, their ruminations, their cordial illuminations, and their angelic invocations seem to have electrified the Soul of Iran as incantated by Ferdowsi; but their impious self-indulgence confused the serenity of their souls and made it sure that their pledge was predestined to doom.  

Selim I shared the same ideas as Ismail I Safavi and Muhammad Shaybani about a state’s chances to acquire wealth; this was not due to cultural tradition (as in Iran) or to geomorphological impact (as in Central Asia). The state that Selim I -through plots, family disloyalty, treason, and shameful banditry- managed to put under control stretched from Central Anatolia to Belgrade; this had been the usual, typical domain of the Constantinopolitan βασιλείς (basileis; emperors) from the 7th to the 12th c. The official name of the state was invariably ‘Eastern Roman Empire’, and this was the will of all the successors of Mehmet II. But quite unfortunately, the ill-fated Ottoman Sultanate was controlled by a criminal, pseudo-Muslim family, which was manipulated by idiotic theologians, sectarian sheikhs, and a bogus-Islamic authority, the sheikh-ul-Islam (also written as Shaykh al-Islam). The sultans wanted, quite absurdly, to represent the Eastern Roman imperial tradition, while remaining the petty warriors (غازى; ghazi), who relied on worthless and unnecessary razzias (غزية), i.e. military expeditions of greedy barbarians; this meant that they were a 14th c. state in a 16th c. world; this situation could not possibly have a successful exit.

The immediate descendants of Mehmet II continued ruling their realm in a most ineffective manner that included very contradictory elements, practices, concepts and procedures, which produced endless tensions. On one side, the devshirme (دوشیرمه; devshirme; lit. ‘collecting’), i.e. child levy, and the janissary infantry elite (یڭیچری; yeniçeri) gave the Ottoman sultan (and, after 1453, emperor) the real tools to create a formidable empire similar to that of Justinian I. But on the other side, the obscure, nefarious and ominous presence of a body of execrable theologians and their increasing, onerous and catastrophic impact on the sultan gradually turned the Ottoman sultanate to a sort of Papo-Caesarist realm, whereas for the Eastern Roman Empire (of which the Ottomans wanted to make their state the living continuity) the Caesaropapist model of rule had to be the sole, paramount and permanent concept of imperial order.

The existing anachronistic elements, the tensions ensued from the contradictory dynamics, the ruinous hatred unleashed by the blind, dogmatic and cruel sheikhs and sheikh-ul-islams, and the vindictive stance of many sultans (as well as of other members of the Ottoman family) triggered unprecedented reactions. In their outright majority, the populations, either Christian or Muslim, reviled the cursed state of the Ottoman family (دولت عليه عثمانیه; Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye), whereas the wretched family in a vicious and most anti-Islamic manner disrespected the humans that God had entrusted to them. This situation led to real worsening of the living conditions, sheer deterioration of the state structures, and grave decrease of government effectiveness.

The Ottoman Sultanate never managed to acquire a well-structured administration; that’s why it was never a strong empire that could methodically elaborate a program of expansion or Reconquista. Islamic spirituality was besmirched, attacked and later prohibited; the worthless Ottoman bureaucracy was a burden; the wars declared against neighboring empires were due to sectarian or arbitrary motives; and the only sound element in the empire was the janissary elite.

A mere comparison of the Roman and the Ottoman possessions in Africa helps everyone realize how absurd, precarious and inconsequential the rule of the Ottoman sultans was. On the Black Continent, the Ottomans controlled an area more sizeable than the largest Roman dominions there. The Romans never managed to advance successfully south of Egypt and to conquer the Cushitic (i.e. Ancient Ethiopian) Kingdom of Meroe in today’s Sudan; but they controlled the African North up to the coasts of today’s Morocco.

The Ottomans invaded Egypt (1516-1517) to disband the Mamluk state, and then they progressively extended their rule over the entire coast of North Africa, thus including Algiers (1518), Benghazi (1521), Tripoli (1551) and Tunis (1574) in their domain; the Ottomans were invited and acclaimed by the indigenous populations that were mostly Muslim (only according to Western colonial propaganda, the Ottomans ‘colonized’ North Africa), and until the time these lands were incorporated into the Caliphate, the Ottoman Emperor was acknowledged as the caliph – which already made of these lands real dependencies of the Constantinopolitan Muslim ruler. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1554) and Murat III (1576), two Ottoman military expeditions were undertaken in Morocco, ending with the capture of Fez.

In Eastern Africa, the Ottomans sent detachments and corsairs to defend the Somalis against the Portuguese (in the 1520s-1540s), having excellent relations with all the Somali sultanates, notably Adal and the Ajuuraan Empire. In fact, by recognizing the caliph at Constantinople and by mentioning his name first in the Friday prayer, all Muslim African sultanates and emirates recognized the Ottoman Caliphate, thus becoming effectively mere dependencies of the Caliphate. That’s why there was no real need for an Ottoman invasion of the Western Africa, Sahara (the Songhai, Mali, Hausa-Zaria, Kanem-Bornu, Wadai, Funj, Darfur, and other realms), and Eastern Africa. Located south of the Mısır eyaleti (as the province of Egypt was named in Ottoman Turkish), the Habeş eyaleti (i.e. the province of Abyssinia) comprised the coastal lands of today’s Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, and parts of today’s Somalia and Ethiopia). The Adal Somali sultanate shared therefore borders with the Ottoman Empire.

But exactly because of the highly de-centralized condition of the Muslim African world, it was totally impossible for them to establish a major, functional force ready to repel colonial attacks. Even worse, the Ottoman dominions in North Africa never became a serious matter of governmental concern and there was never a real effort to organize, systematize and standardize the integration of the African vilayets into the Ottoman state. Certainly, the Ottoman Empire controlled vast territories in Africa; but because of the aforementioned problems, these lands were a burden rather than an advantage and an asset. In this regard, Selim I’s attack against the Mamluk state and his subsequent invasion of Syria, Palestine, Arabia and Egypt, after the victory he marked over Ismail I Safavi in Chaldiran, proved to be a complete waste of the Ottoman military resources.

Bayezid II’s disloyal son was not prepared to become an emperor and that’s why he was a miserable opportunist without a clue of strategy; he could not understand what truly makes an empire strong, wealthy and sustainable. With respect to the expansion of a state, he did not know which lands are necessary and which are not; even worse, he did not observe -let alone study- patterns and models of expansion from the History of the Islamic Caliphates and Empires.

Selim I was a blind, indoctrinated idiot, who -after his victory in Chaldiran- lost the unique opportunity to promptly invade Iran, merge the two Turanian and Iranian empires, and then attack the Sultanate of Delhi. I have however to admit that he did not have the correct education, the shrewd mindset, and the accurate perception of the reality to possibly think strategically and act accordingly. The Iranian plateau and the valleys of Hindustan (India) and Bengal were far more important than the sands of Arabia and the waters of the Nile.

Had he attempted to establish one empire from Danube to Ganges, he would have followed the example of Timur (Tamerlane); at the same time, he would have created a uniquely wealthy empire able to possess the inexorable resources and the technical infrastructure needed to oppose and defeat the Western colonial kingdoms.

Babur makes Humayun his successor (1530); miniature from a manuscript of the Akbarnameh (created ca. 1602-3)

Babur treated by doctors during a serious illness, in 1498; while recuperating, Babur had a relapse and his condition became critical; for four days he could only take water dribbled into his mouth from a piece of cotton, and for several days he could barely speak.

In his Baburnama (Book of Babur), the founder of the Mughal Empire describes his struggle first to assert and defend his claim to the throne of Samarkand and the region of the Fergana Valley. After being driven out of Samarkand in 1501, he sought to create his headquarters in Kabul and then in northern India in Delhi. In this miniature from a manuscript of the Baburnama, Babur meets Sultan Ali Mirza near Samarqand.

Scene from Babur’s wars; from a miniature of the Farsi edition of Baburnama (translation by the Mughal courtier Abdul Rahīm in AH 998, i.e. 1589-90)

Babur from the miniature of manuscript of Baburnama currently in the Museum of Oriental Art (Государственный музей Востока), Moscow

Vasily III, ruler of Muscovy (1479-1533; reigned after 1505), son of Ivan III and Sophia Palaiologina, receives the ambassador from Babur; miniature from the 19th volume of the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible (Лицевой летописный свод Ивана Грозного)

The Mausoleum of Babur (Bagh-e Babur, i.e. Babur Gardens) in Kabul

Khusrau shah swearing loyalty to Babur; miniature from the Baburnama copy in Moscow

Babur receiving Baqi Beg Chaghaniyani, a Turkistani Qipchaq, in his encampment on the banks of the Amu Darya (Oxus); Baqi was a loyal supporter of Babur contrarily to his brother Khusraw shah, whom Baqi brought to pledge allegiance; however, at a later moment, Khusraw shah proved to be a traitor once more. Miniature from a manuscript now in the British Library (Or. 3714, f. 35v); it was painted by the Mughal artist Bhem Gujarati.

Miniature from a Baburnama manuscript now in the National Museum, New Delhi; squirrels, a peacock and peahen, demoiselle cranes and fishes

Babur was exempt of sectarian ideas, tribal mentality, and worthless theological prescriptions; of the Western colonial powers he had minimal knowledge, if any. Deep in his heart and mind he had apparently the wish and the dream to prove himself worthy of his glorious past; for this reason, he needed to establish himself somewhere, i.e. to set up the headquarters of his forthcoming empire. Samarqand was an ideal location; but there he failed repeatedly. Babur’s life was not that of a great emperor, because prior to the invasion of the Delhi Sultanate, his realm was always small and constantly under attack.

Continuously moving from place to place with his few but loyal and devout soldiers, Babur was however an indomitable adventurer, an indefatigable soldier, an excellent tactician, and a great strategist. The greatness of the Mughal Empire, which was far wealthier than the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, Holland, England and even Louis XIV’s France, was basically due to its founder Babur. As it is known, he died rather young (at 47). If he had lived as long as his great ancestor Tamerlane (69), the History of Asia would have certainly been markedly different.

Great rulers are those who prepare well their successors; to do so, they have to endlessly convey to their heirs their way of thinking, their approach to facts, their reaction to developments, their world perception and worldview, and -last but not the least- their method of governance. This is often a long enduring process; it is not always sure that the elder son of a ruler is fit to it. For this reason, we often observe a ruler’s predilection for his second or third son. For Babur this dilemma did not exist; Humayun (همایون/lit. ‘auspicious’ in Farsi; born as Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad; 1508-1556) was his firstborn (being also son to Babur’s favorite wife Maham Begum), and he proved to be a loyal, shrewd and very knowledgeable heir.

Babur apparently imparted his first son with many of his crucial personal traits and great abilities, notably his mobility, agility, flexibility and adaptability. That’s why Humayun managed to survive, although he was inexperienced at the beginning of his reign, when he faced many challenges, particularly from his half-brother Kamran Mirza and from Sher Shah Suri, a villainous and heinous scoundrel who set up a divisive but temporary rule. All the same, Humayun recaptured his empire with the help of Ismail I Safavi’s son Shah Tahmasp I (طهماسب; 1514-1576), and later consolidated and even expanded his realm. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamran_Mirza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_I

However, Babur did not achieve to pass onto his son and successor a superb quality that was the top trait of Timur’s and Genghis Khan’s idiosyncrasy; this consists in a rare moral expertise and spiritual dexterity to invariably disdain and undervalue material achievements of one’s own and to thus infallibly maintain the original impulse toward a great vision permanently alive. Genghis Khan and Timur were indelibly motivated by their vision to unite the world; Babur was stimulated by his first target to re-establish the great empire of his ancestors, but he did not stay long on the throne of Agra (1526-1530).

With him died the vision of a universal empire. Humayun had to fight all his life long to eliminate threats and challenges and, when everything was put under control, he did not enjoy his throne more than few months before dying at 48, due to an accident. When Akbar I (أكبر; born Abu’l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad; 1542-1605; reigned after 1556) was crowned, very little was left from the original vision of his grandfather, Babur. Akbar I expanded greatly his realm and, after a certain moment, he shifted his interest to the North with the intention to extend his borders up to the ancestral lands in Central Asia; but by the end of the 16th c., it had become very clear to Akbar I that it was impossible to incorporate Samarqand and the Ferghana Valley to his empire.

To the early instability of the Mughal Empire and to Akbar I’s effort to expand in Central Asia testify the incessant changes of the Mughal capital: Agra 1526-1540, Agra 1555-1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571-1585, Lahore 1586-1598 (reflecting Akbar I’s move to the North), Agra 1598-1648 and Delhi 1648-1857. In fact, Akbar’s death marks the end of every Central Asiatic venture of the Mughal rulers.  

The Mughal Empire expanded greatly across the Asiatic South, notably the Deccan; it impacted considerably the formation of Muslim sultanates in Southeastern Asia and the islands of today’s Indonesia. All the same, the Gurkanian (گورکانیان; lit. ‘the sons-in law’), as the Iranians called the Mughal emperors due to an old Turanian tradition, only corroborated the unchangeable verdict of History, namely that from Central Asia, Iran, Mesopotamia and Anatolia great military expeditions to faraway lands have often been and can actually be undertaken successfully; but no ruler has ever launched a campaign and a conquest of major parts of Asia, starting from the Valley of Indus and the Valley of Ganges. (The same is also valid for the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys.)

Having a truly complex mindset, a very wealthy, composite and perplex culture, and a spiritual impact on their reasoning, the Mughals, the Safavids and the Ottomans could never understand how simple, low, and profane the intentions, attitudes, and mindsets of the colonial bandits, soldiers, merchants, academics and agents were. Had they perceived accurately the level of the colonial purposes and objectives, they would have early reacted against the Western barbarism, cruelty and monstrosity; but they were not able to lower their intellect in order to deal with petty things. They mistook the Western inhumanity for foolishness; their mistake allowed the Western colonials to achieve their targets. How could it have been otherwise? Occam’s razor, if described to a Mughal, Safavid or Ottoman erudite scholar, would have been considered as totally nonsensical, puerile, absurd, and typical for savages. That’s why English, French, Dutch, and American savagery plunged all these civilized lands to poverty, wars, genocides, and interminable destructions down to our days. About:

The simplicity principle in perception and cognition

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5125387/

Blue Mosque, Istanbul: the most representative Ottoman architectural masterpiece

Masjid-e Shah / The Mosque of Shah, Isfahan: the most representative Safavid Iranian architectural masterpiece

Taj Mahal, Agra: the most representative Mughal architectural masterpiece

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FORTHCOMING

Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey

2500 Years of indivisible Turanian – Iranian Civilization distorted and estranged by Anglo-French Orientalists

By Prof. Muhammet Şemsettin Gözübüyükoğlu

(Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

CONTENTS

PART ONE. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I: A World held Captive by the Colonial Gangsters: France, England, the US, and the Delusional History Taught in their Deceitful Universities

A. Examples of fake national names

a) Mongolia (or Mughal) and Deccan – Not India!

b) Tataria – Not Russia!

c) Romania (with the accent on the penultimate syllable) – Not Greece!

d) Kemet or Masr – Not Egypt!

e) Khazaria – not Israel!

f) Abyssinia – not Ethiopia!

B. Earlier Exchange of Messages in Turkish

C. The Preamble to My Response

CHAPTER II: Geopolitics does not exist.

CHAPTER III: Politics does not exist.

CHAPTER IV: Turkey and Iran beyond politics and geopolitics: Orientalism, conceptualization, contextualization, concealment

A. Orientalism

B. Conceptualization

C. Contextualization

D. Concealment

PART TWO. EXAMPLE OF ACADEMICALLY CONCEALED, KEY HISTORICAL TEXT

CHAPTER V: Plutarch and the diffusion of Ancient Egyptian and Iranian Religions and Cultures in Ancient Greece

PART THREE. TURKEY AND IRAN BEYOND POLITICS AND GEOPOLITICS: REJECTION OF THE ORIENTALIST, TURKOLOGIST AND IRANOLOGIST FALLACIES ABOUT ACHAEMENID HISTORY

CHAPTER VI:  The fallacy that Turkic nations were not present in the wider Mesopotamia – Anatolia region in pre-Islamic times

CHAPTER VII: The fallacious representation of Achaemenid Iran by Western Orientalists

CHAPTER VIII: The premeditated disconnection of Atropatene / Adhurbadagan from the History of Azerbaijan

CHAPTER IX: Iranian and Turanian nations in Achaemenid Iran

CHAPTER X: Iranian and Turanian Religions in Pre-Islamic Iran 

PART FOUR. FALLACIES ABOUT THE SO-CALLED HELLENISTIC PERIOD, ALEXANDER THE GREAT, AND THE SELEUCID & THE PARTHIAN ARSACID TIMES

CHAPTER XI: Alexander the Great as Iranian King of Kings, the fallacy of Hellenism, and the nonexistent Hellenistic Period

CHAPTER XII: Parthian Turan: an Anti-Persian dynasty

CHAPTER XIII: Parthian Turan and the Philhellenism of the Arsacids

PART FIVE. FALLACIES ABOUT SASSANID HISTORY, HISTORY OF RELIGIONS, AND THE HISTORY OF MIGRATIONS

CHAPTER XIV: Arsacid & Sassanid Iran, and the wars against the Mithraic – Christian Roman Empire

CHAPTER XV: Sassanid Iran – Turan, Kartir, Roman Empire, Christianity, Mani and Manichaeism

CHAPTER XVI: Iran – Turan, Manichaeism & Islam during the Migration Period and the Early Caliphates

PART SIX. FALLACIES ABOUT THE EARLY EXPANSION OF ISLAM: THE FAKE ARABIZATION OF ISLAM

CHAPTER XVII: Iran – Turan and the Western, Orientalist distortions about the successful, early expansion of Islam during the 7th – 8th c. CE

CHAPTER XVIII: Western Orientalist falsifications of Islamic History: Identification of Islam with only Hejaz at the times of the Prophet

CHAPTER XIX: The fake, Orientalist Arabization of Islam

CHAPTER XX: The systematic dissociation of Islam from the Ancient Oriental History

PART SEVEN. THE FICTIONAL DIVISION OF ISLAM INTO ‘SUNNI’ AND ‘SHIA’

CHAPTER XXI: The fabrication of the fake divide ‘Sunni Islam vs. Shia Islam’

PART EIGHT. THE DISTORTED TERM ‘PERSIANATE’

CHAPTER XXII: The fake Persianization of the Abbasid Caliphate

PART NINE. FALLACIES ABOUT THE GOLDEN ERA OF THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

CHAPTER XXIII: From Ferdowsi to the Seljuk Turks, Nizam al Mulk, Nizami Ganjavi, Jalal ad-Din Rumi and Haji Bektash

PART TEN. FALLACIES ABOUT THE TIMES OF TURANIAN (MONGOLIAN) SUPREMACY IN TERMS OF SCIENCES, ARTS, LETTERS, SPIRITUALITY AND IMPERIAL UNIVERSALISM

CHAPTER XXIV: From Genghis Khan, Nasir al-Din al Tusi and Hulagu to Timur

CHAPTER XXV: Timur (Tamerlane) as a Turanian Muslim descendant of the Great Hero Manuchehr, his exploits and triumphs, and the slow rise of the Turanian Safavid Order

CHAPTER XXVI: the Timurid Era as Peak of the Islamic Civilization, Shah Rukh, and Ulugh Beg, the Astronomer Emperor

PART ELEVEN. HOW AND WHY THE OTTOMANS, THE SAFAVIDS AND THE MUGHALS FAILED  

CHAPTER XXVII: Ethnically Turanian Safavids & Culturally Iranian Ottomans: two identical empires that mirrored one another

CHAPTER XXVIII: Spirituality, Religion & Theology: the fallacy of the Safavid conversion of Iran to ‘Shia Islam’

CHAPTER XXIX: Selim I, Ismail I, and Babur

CHAPTER XXX: The Battle of Chaldiran (1514), and how it predestined the Fall of the Islamic World

CHAPTER XXXI: Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals: victims of their sectarianism, tribalism, theology, and wrong evaluation of the colonial West

CHAPTER XXXII: Ottomans, Iranians and Mughals from Nader Shah to Kemal Ataturk

PART TWELVE. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER XXXIII: Turkey and Iran beyond politics and geopolitics: whereto?

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List of the already pre-published chapters of the book

Lines separate chapters that belong to different parts of the book.

CHAPTER VII: The Fallacious Representation of Achaemenid Iran by Western Orientalists

https://www.academia.edu/106013407/The_Fallacious_Representation_of_Achaemenid_Iran_by_Western_Orientalists

CHAPTER VIII: The premeditated disconnection of Atropatene / Adhurbadagan from the History of Azerbaijan

https://www.academia.edu/105841665/The_premeditated_disconnection_of_Atropatene_Adhurbadagan_from_the_History_of_Azerbaijan

CHAPTER IX: Iranian and Turanian nations in Achaemenid Iran

https://www.academia.edu/105880180/Iranian_and_Turanian_nations_in_Achaemenid_Iran

CHAPTER X: Iranian and Turanian Religions in Pre-Islamic Iran 

https://www.academia.edu/105664696/Iranian_and_Turanian_Religions_in_Pre_Islamic_Iran

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CHAPTER XI: Alexander the Great as Iranian King of Kings, the fallacy of Hellenism, and the nonexistent Hellenistic Period

https://www.academia.edu/105386978/Alexander_the_Great_as_Iranian_King_of_Kings_the_fallacy_of_Hellenism_and_the_nonexistent_Hellenistic_Period

CHAPTER XII: Parthian Turan: an Anti-Persian dynasty

https://www.academia.edu/52541355/Parthian_Turan_an_Anti_Persian_dynasty

CHAPTER XIII: Parthian Turan and the Philhellenism of the Arsacids

https://www.academia.edu/105539884/Parthian_Turan_and_the_Philhellenism_of_the_Arsacids

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CHAPTER XIV: Arsacid & Sassanid Iran, and the wars against the Mithraic – Christian Roman Empire

https://www.academia.edu/105053815/Arsacid_and_Sassanid_Iran_and_the_wars_against_the_Mithraic_Christian_Roman_Empire

CHAPTER XV: Sassanid Iran – Turan, Kartir, Roman Empire, Christianity, Mani and Manichaeism

https://www.academia.edu/105117675/Sassanid_Iran_Turan_Kartir_Roman_Empire_Christianity_Mani_and_Manichaeism

CHAPTER XVI: Iran – Turan, Manichaeism & Islam during the Migration Period and the Early Caliphates

https://www.academia.edu/96142922/Iran_Turan_Manichaeism_and_Islam_during_the_Migration_Period_and_the_Early_Caliphates

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CHAPTER XVII: Iran–Turan and the Western, Orientalist distortions about the successful, early expansion of Islam during the 7th-8th c. CE

https://www.academia.edu/105292787/Iran_Turan_and_the_Western_Orientalist_distortions_about_the_successful_early_expansion_of_Islam_during_the_7th_8th_c_CE

CHAPTER XIX: The fake, Orientalist Arabization of Islam

https://www.academia.edu/105713891/The_fake_Orientalist_Arabization_of_Islam

CHAPTER XX: The systematic dissociation of Islam from the Ancient Oriental History

https://www.academia.edu/105565861/The_systematic_dissociation_of_Islam_from_the_Ancient_Oriental_History

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CHAPTER XXI: The fabrication of the fake divide ‘Sunni Islam vs. Shia Islam’

https://www.academia.edu/55139916/The_Fabrication_of_the_Fake_Divide_Sunni_Islam_vs_Shia_Islam_

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CHAPTER XXII: The fake Persianization of the Abbasid Caliphate

https://www.academia.edu/61193026/The_Fake_Persianization_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate

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CHAPTER XXIII: From Ferdowsi to the Seljuk Turks, Nizam al Mulk, Nizami Ganjavi, Jalal ad-Din Rumi and Haji Bektash

https://www.academia.edu/96519269/From_Ferdowsi_to_the_Seljuk_Turks_Nizam_al_Mulk_Nizami_Ganjavi_Jalal_ad_Din_Rumi_and_Haji_Bektash

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CHAPTER XXIV: From Genghis Khan, Nasir al-Din al Tusi and Hulagu to Timur

https://www.academia.edu/104034939/From_Genghis_Khan_Nasir_al_Din_al_Tusi_and_Hulagu_to_Timur_Tamerlane_

CHAPTER XXV: Timur (Tamerlane) as a Turanian Muslim descendant of the Great Hero Manuchehr, his exploits and triumphs, and the slow rise of the Turanian Safavid Order

https://www.academia.edu/105230290/Timur_Tamerlane_as_a_Turanian_Muslim_descendant_of_the_Great_Hero_Manuchehr_his_exploits_and_triumphs_and_the_slow_rise_of_the_Turanian_Safavid_Order

CHAPTER XXVI: The Timurid Era as the Peak of the Islamic Civilization: Shah Rukh, and Ulugh Beg, the Astronomer Emperor

https://www.academia.edu/105267173/The_Timurid_Era_as_the_Peak_of_the_Islamic_Civilization_Shah_Rukh_and_Ulugh_Beg_the_Astronomer_Emperor

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CHAPTER XXVII: Ethnically Turanian Safavids & Culturally Iranian Ottomans: two identical empires that mirrored one another

https://www.academia.edu/105744200/Ethnically_Turanian_Safavids_and_Culturally_Iranian_Ottomans_two_identical_empires_that_mirrored_one_another

CHAPTER XXVIII: Spirituality, Religion & Theology: the fallacy of the Safavid conversion of Iran to ‘Shia Islam’

https://www.academia.edu/105770339/Spirituality_Religion_and_Theology_the_fallacy_of_the_Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam

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Fake Geopolitics, the Falsification of the History of the Ottoman Empire, and the Nonexistent Neo-Ottomanism

Фальшивая геополитика, фальсификация истории Османской империи и несуществующий неоосманизм

Sahte Jeopolitik, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihinin Sahtekarlığı ve Var Olmayan Yeni-Osmanlıcılık

Оглавление

I. Геополитика: фальшивая наука

II. Фальсификация истории Османской империи

III. Нелепая беатификация убогих османов, злейших врагов турок

IV. Примеры туркменского, анатолийского и мусульманского неприятия османского псевдосуннитского богословия

V. Западный миф об «Османской империи»

İçindekiler

I. Jeopolitik: Sahte Bir Bilim

II. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihinin Sahtekarlığı

III. Türklerin En Kötü Düşmanları olan Sefil Osmanlıların Gülünç Kutsaması

IV. Türkmen, Anadolu ve Müslümanların Osmanlı Sözde-Sünni Teolojisini Reddetme Örnekleri

V. ‘Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Batılı Miti

Table of Contents

I. Geopolitics: a Fake Science

II. The Falsification of the History of the Ottoman Empire

III. The Ridiculous Beatification of the Squalid Ottomans, the Worst Enemies of the Turks

IV. Examples of Turkmen, Anatolian and Muslim Rejection of the Ottoman Pseudo-Sunni Theology

V. The Western Myth of the ‘Ottoman Empire’

The modern ‘science’ of geopolitics is an entirely fake doctrine which promotes biased interpretations of geographical data out of any historical relevance; matched with colonially forged History, it generates enormous troubles, plunging billions of people into unnecessary wars, endless conflicts, sectarian clashes, confused education, false national identity, cultural disintegration, and moral depravity.  

A while back, a Somali friend sent me the article of a Romanian ‘geopolitical analyst’ about the so-called ‘Neo-Ottomanist’ trend in today’s derailed, gravely endangered, and seriously menaced Turkey. Upon reading the title of the publication, I exploded in laughter!

First, geopolitics is a nonexistent science or, if you prefer, a pseudo-science.

Second, how can one possibly be ‘Ottomanist’ or even ‘Neo-Ottomanist’, when the historical truth about the Ottoman Empire is virtually unknown, partly concealed, and viciously falsified?

By declaring yourself as ‘Neo-Ottomanist’, you guarantee that you don’t have a clue about what you are. You are an idiot.

By declaring yourself as ‘an enemy of the Neo-Ottomanism’, you certify that you don’t have an idea about what happens around you. You are an imbecile.

Idiots and imbeciles are not born as such; they are gradually produced within an evil society mainly because of their mistake not to examine everything meticulously, not to reject everything that they hear or read, and not to carry out an austere self-criticism every single day.

This is the fate of the people – of those who consider themselves ‘Neo-Ottomanists’ and of those who oppose them. This is so because when ignorance prevails, simply you are nothing more than a feather blown in the wind. These misfortunate people will plunge into strife, clash, wars, and hatred only due to their delusions, sick dreams, calamitous ignorance, and spiritual misery.

The failure to apply an austere self-criticism, the fake concept of post-Enlightenment ‘patriotism’ (let alone nationalism or chauvinism), the false History taught in the schools and propagated by publishing houses, mass media, and cinematography, the confusion between spirituality and theology, and the impermissible association of religion with politics leads people to death in this world, and to Hell in the Hereafter.

What follows is my response to my suave Somali friend.

————— Response to a Somali friend ————————— 

Dear Bischara,

Thank you for your email of 7th May, feedback, attachment and your questions!

I went through the paper that you sent me.

I. Geopolitics: a Fake Science

Please, do not be so naïve as to believe that you will learn anything true, succinct and worthwhile through most of the billions of the books and the articles that you can find online or in hard copies. You are living in a fake world; a fake world has fake sciences. Geopolitics is just one of them.

There is no such a science — in striking contrast with Egyptology, Assyriology, Iranology, etc. which are real academic disciplines examining the past of the respective countries / nations / civilizations.

If you uttered the fake, ridiculous and meaningless word «geopolitics» before 170 years, suggesting that it is a ‘science’, all the then scholars would laugh at you. But those scholars in the middle of the 19th c. were far better than, and truly superior to, those of today.

Only subliminal manipulations make the average people of today to be stupid enough to believe that there is evolution of species (in the manner it is claimed), that there is real progress from the past to the present and the future, that people now are more knowledgeable than in the past, that science advanced from the Antiquity until nowadays, and that today’s science is ‘higher’ than that of the great civilizations of Ancient Orient. However, nowadays you definitely cannot build a pyramid like that of Khufu in Kemet (Egypt), and all the scientists of the world are good enough only to bring about the total extinction of the Mankind (which is not a nuclear war but the diffusion of Metaverse, a form of Non-being). So, stop considering the modern science and the ensued materialist-consumerist world as anything worthwhile! It would be better to live in Somalia before 600 years or before 3600 years than to live now.

As a matter of fact, without understanding it, all the average people worldwide have fallen victim to deliberately produced delusions like Darwinism and Evolutionism; even those, who say that they reject the false conclusions of these theoretical systems at the paleontological / anthropological level, are indeed their victims, and quite unfortunately, their thoughts are contaminated (by evolutionist concepts, notions, standards, considerations or world perceptions) without them realizing it. Because of this situation, people all over the world stupidly believe that the Mankind is now more knowledgeable and more powerful, whereas the Mankind was far better before 4000 and 5000 years. 

What is the fake science geopolitics?

A vicious and insidious trickery as per which you theorize, presenting things as it pleases you.

Geopolitics is a matter of paranoia. You need to be paranoid to possibly accept the idea of the so-called ‘geopolitics’. You can see that on the sick and devious faces of the so-called ‘specialists in geopolitics’.

Every word of the fundamentals of geopolitics is an arbitrary aberration.

Everything that you read here is just rubbish: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History

There is no such thing as ‘heartland’ or ‘rimland’

– Would you or any other Somali call, under any circumstances whatsoever, the coastland of Somalia from Raas Caseyr and Ras Xaafuun down to Kismaayo, and for 50 km inland, …… ‘rimland’?

– No, you would not! This would be only an imaginary line, which would not represent any historical, cultural, intellectual or academic truth.

But if you had drawn that hypothetical line from Raas Caseyr and Ras Xaafuun down to Kismaayo for your own benefit and for the disastrous consequences, which that line would have on the local inhabitants, you would have then officialized it by calling it ‘geopolitics’.

This is the whole value of the so-called ‘geopolitics’. A trashy concept that suits the criminal interests of the villainous Anglo-Saxon gangsters! The Hell with them!

Do not waste any moment of your life on this mental excrement of ‘geo-politics’!

Such nonsense only corrupts the mind with useless nonsense: 

Heartland vs Rimland, Continental vs Maritime Power: The Geopolitics of the First World War*

History does not confirm the slightest portion of those silly ‘lines’ that the Anglo-Saxon syphilis drew only to confuse others and plunge billions into endless wars.

Actually, this is what most of today’s average people never observed:

Not one criminal gangster, who postures as a ‘specialist in geopolitics’, has ever bothered to explain the historicity of the «lines» that you and others «see» on their fake maps. 

How does all this function?

Backed by big money and taught in supposedly important universities, the fallacy of geopolitics generates idiotic pseudo-academic elites who, after studying in the fake universities, i.e. the academic brothels of England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US, are hired due to their nonexistent credentials (in reality their credentials damage their respective countries) only to promote the choleric Anglo-Saxon world’s paranoia, evilness and inhumanity. 

Brzezinski’s Eurasian Balkans: there are no ‘Eurasian Balkans’. It’s a fallacy. Wherever you draw an arbitrary ellipse across Asia (or Africa or Europe), you will discover … ‘Balkans’. It’s idiotic, but backed by big money, it is presented as a serious academic analysis.

This is a tragi-comical deception, because wherever you want, you can draw historically meaningless lines that you will later call ‘heartland’ and ‘rimland’. Fake words for historically nonexistent concepts. Pure absurdity to fool the idiots.

This is a deliberately constructed reality, because Western bankers educated, prepared and launched the so-called ‘red adversary’. There is no such thing as ‘Midland Ocean’; that’s ridiculous.

Absurdly drawn lines that are rejected by all the conclusions of the History of the Mankind

There is no such thing as ‘The World Island’; it is a non concept. You cannot define the Earth with respect to the Sea. The sea is NOT a place where people lived or can live. It is a space that you only cross to reach other parts of the Earth. The map is entirely fake because not one civilization grew and no humans lived with this map in mind. So, it is an aberration – the vicious fabrication of a paranoid uneducated guy or a heinous schemer.

Another fake map established by a paranoid pseudo-scientist: anyone can call ‘middle space’ (and ‘West’, ‘South’ and ‘East’) any part of the Earth that he chooses to designate so. Not a single civilization worldwide ever viewed or named these lands in this ludicrous manner.

An absolute absurdity fabricated to confuse others

A total distortion of the World History: there has never been a ‘sea power’. That’s a lie. Every major kingdom or empire was a continental power. The only powerful kingdom that was headquartered in an island is England. But no island has ever existed on its own; every island is a continental dependency. The English theoreticians’ evil effort to produce a fallacy in this regard is tantamount to conscious and systematic desire to abnegate the World History and therefore to annihilate the Mankind.

There is nothing to help «correct» the «mistakes» of geopolitics. Throw the entire fallacy of ‘geopolitics’ to the rubbish basket!

There cannot actually be «mistakes» in a peremptory fallacy: it has been all rotten from Day 1.

This is the mistake of the Russians, who subsidize big institutes and think tanks like VALDAI (https://ru.valdaiclub.com/ and https://valdaiclub.com/) to prove the Americans and the others wrong in the terms of geopolitics. There is nothing to prove in geopolitics; it is all false from the first word.

Only now the Russians start realizing that the mistake was theirs! And they also understand that they accepted already too much of the Western fallacy. 

So, do not waste your time with the worthless publications of every Romanian pseudo-scholar! He simply tried desperately to reproduce the same geopolitical fallacy, this time slightly turning the story in a way to suit the interests of Romania. Worthless rubbish! You cannot possibly waste your time on such bogus-publications!

All the countries, which were detached from the Ottoman Empire, are fake states; they merely constitute fabricated tools of the French and English colonialism and inhumanity. Few states make an exception in this regard, as they represent true, real nations. Nowhere else can one study this so well, except in Egypt! This is an entirely fake nation of ignorant and blind people who do not know anything about their own identity, history, past and culture. 

When an Iranian speaks about the Achaemenid Emperor Darius I the Great (550-486 BCE; he reigned after 522 BCE), the Iranian feels that he is the descendant of that great emperor and he is fully aware of the numerous elements of his popular (not elite) culture that refer to Darius the Great. This does not happen in today’s Egypt; they speak of Akhenaten or Amenhotep III or Thutmose III as if these pharaohs reigned in another continent and among other people!

Before two years, a US-based Oromo friend wrote to ask me why Egypt does not help the Oromos achieve national independence in return for the ensuing dissolution of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) and the subsequent cancellation of the Renaissance Dam. I answered saying that, for this to be done, Egypt must first understand that this proposal is suitable for the national interests of Egypt, but this is impossible because Egypt is not a nation first, and second (and worse), the country was entirely constructed by the French and the English in a way that it would not become and it would never function as a state. 

I ended saying that, in a way, the Oromos are a nation, although subjugated and persecuted, but the Egyptians never got a proper national education, never realized what national identity is, and never understood how they have been aptly utilized (against their own national interests) by the colonial governments of the Western countries and the evil secret societies behind them.

Here you have my series of five articles as response to his naïve question:

https://www.academia.edu/44839455/Oromos_Egypt_the_Nile_Abyssinia_Fake_Ethiopia_and_the_True_Essence_of_Colonialism_Part_I

https://www.academia.edu/44862368/The_Enemies_of_Oromos_and_their_Deeds_First_and_Second_Colonization_Jesuit_Reductions_Renaissance_and_the_Historical_Revisionism_of_Racist_Colonials_Part_II

https://www.academia.edu/44911781/Intellectual_Colonialism_in_Egypt_How_Egyptian_Fake_Universities_and_Obsolete_Education_destroy_Cairos_Chances_to_ally_with_Oromos_and_Sudans_Arabic_speaking_Cushites_Part_III

https://www.academia.edu/44931444/Egyptians_Deaf_to_the_Oromo_Insurrection_against_Abyssinia_Fake_Ethiopia_and_Blind_to_Abyssinian_Prophecies_about_Egypts_Annihilation_Part_IV

https://www.academia.edu/44995994/Contrary_to_Oromos_and_Somalis_the_Masriyin_Christian_or_Muslim_Egyptians_as_subjects_of_the_Mamluks_and_the_French_have_had_no_National_Identity_Part_V

Fake borders of a fake nation ignorant of their past: Modern ‘Egypt’. On this land, there was ‘Kemet’ during the Antiquity and there was ‘Masr’ after the arrival of Islam. The fact that the modern state’s name is in Arabic ‘Gomhuriyah Masr al Arabiyah’, but the Masriyyin (fake Egyptians) do not have the courage to internationally renounce to the fake name ‘Egypt’ and impose their own true name ‘Masr’ worldwide fully demonstrates the colonial nature of their fake state, highlighting the reality that they never became a true nation.

Without understanding the viewpoint of my criticism expressed in the above articles, you cannot understand anything in the world you are living in. You are hypnotized and -like all the other totally deceived Muslims- you live in a fake, parallel world or dimension of your own.

Now, I have to add that, what I noticed and understood from the tenures of both Abdirashid Sharmarke and Siyaad Barre is that, in contrast to the Egyptians, the Somalis -back in the 1960s, 1970s, etc.- felt themselves very well as a real and historical nation. It is not only the very legitimate and glorious effort to liberate Ogaden that makes me believe so, but plenty of other points. This situation is normal however, because Italy was never a «true» colonial country (in striking opposition to France and England) and that is why, during Somalia’s colonization by Italy, the Italians did not try to destroy your inherent national identity – which was very different from what the French and the English carried out in Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, etc.

Now, Romania is a fake nation fabricated out of thin air, only to function against -at the same time- the Ottoman Empire and Russia. There is no Romanian nation; there are Wallachians and Moldavians — two different nations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia 

There is no Romanian language; it did not exist. It was fabricated by French linguists, grammarians, and colonial Latinists, who intended to falsely portray the Wallachian and the Moldavian languages as the two «dialects» of the hypothetical Romanian language. In fact, they fabricated a linguistic mixture, and their silly local pawns imposed it nationwide as ‘official language’. It is a very filthy story, which also involves the occupation of the Hungarian land of Transylvania and of the Bulgarian province of Dobruja. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja

Knowing the above about the ‘national’ background of the author and ‘specialist’, whom you presented to me, what do you think that he can possibly say — except the lies that he was taught (at home or abroad) to diffuse worldwide?

Remember that, if he ever tried to oppose the official Romanian state dogma and the orchestrated falsehood of the French, the English, the American and other Western universities, all the doors would be closed to him and his career would be destroyed irreparably. He is therefore a bureaucrat, a clerk, who nonchalantly repeats the state dogma’s falsehood and nonsense. 

So, if you please, forget it!

II. The Falsification of the History of the Ottoman Empire 

If geopolitics is a fake science, plenty of real sciences have also been filled with lies and misperceptions, whereas a great number of topics well known to specialists remained concealed and unknown to the general public — only to the benefit of the criminal colonial agenda. 

The History of the Ottoman Empire, the History of Islam, and the History of Modern Turkey are three sectors of the academic discipline of History that have been monstrously falsified by the Orientalist, colonial academics. The reason for this is simple: 

– if today’s Turks and Muslims know the truth about these topics, they will not believe the colonial lies, which have been fabricated by the West only to destroy them — and have actually destroyed them. So, without the silly lies that they have in their heads, they would not be destroyed.

The falsification of the History of the Ottoman Empire is a multilayered case of forgery; it involves numerous factors and methods of distortion, namely

1- several historical facts have been concealed from the average public;

2- numerous events have been dissociated from other circumstances, which however constituted their inevitable consequences;

3- various developments were misinterpreted and their significance was over-magnified in order to intentionally cause emotional involvement of the readers;

4- positive forces, pillars of the Ottoman state’s spiritual and physical strength, were deliberately depicted as negative;

5- catastrophic institutions were portrayed as ‘normal’;

6- disastrous oversight, lack of foresight, and other dramatic failures of the sultans, which brought about the gradual decomposition and the final end of the Ottomans, were systematically disregarded or even purposefully hidden from readers;

7- false interpretations and wrong assumptions made by scholars were extensively propagated in order to cause further confusion among the naïve readership; and

8- a ‘mythical’ Ottoman Empire was fabricated to be ‘useful’ for all colonial purposes.

In the process, two very different entities were calamitously confused in order plunge average readers and people in Turkey and worldwide in mysteries: Ottoman dynasty (Ottoman Empire) and Ottoman Civilization. The two entities are entirely unrelated to one another.

Quite indicatively, for the time the Ottoman Civilization existed (until 1580), the real factors of civilization were overwhelmingly opposed to the corrupt, paranoid, inhuman, genuinely anti-Islamic, and absolutely idiotic Ottoman family.

The Ottoman Sultanate became an Empire when Mehmet II invaded the tiny remnant of the Eastern Roman (falsely called by Western colonials as ‘Byzantine’) Empire, namely the city of Constantinople, in 1453; it was then that Mehmet II got the title of Qaysar-i Rum (i.e. Roman Emperor; literally ‘Caesar of Rome’). After the inception of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1299 and until the end of the 16th c., Islamic Civilization flourished in the Ottoman Empire, as it also did in the Safavid Empire of Iran, in the Mughal Empire of India, in Central Asia, in many parts of Africa, and in Indonesia. As you can easily understand, in real historical terms, there is no ‘Ottoman Civilization’; this is ‘Islamic Civilization’.  

The Ottomans as a minor Turkmen beylik in the early 14th c.

Anatolia around 1350

The real factors of the Islamic Civilization were all the scientists, the mystics, the spiritual leaders of various esoteric orders, the poets, the historians, the authors, the wise scholars, the artists, the architects, the astrologists (who were at the same time real astronomers – because there was no distinction between Astronomy and Astrology at the time, and this was very correct), the alchemists, the masters of the supernatural force, the physicians, the grammarians, the explorers, the inventors, the natural scientists, and all the masters of spiritual and material knowledge and Wisdom.

These people performed and delivered working in several research centers, libraries, academies, archives, and in observatories like those of Maragheh in Iran (13th and 14th c.) and Samarqand in Uzbekistan (15th c.). We find the same driving forces of spiritual and academic life later (16th c.) in the Observatory of Ottoman Constantinople, which was however short-lived since the barbarian mob that followed the Satanic theologians and the ignorant sheikhulislam destroyed it in 1580, because according to their silly opinion “Islam does not permit Astrology”. It goes without saying that every spiritual school (tariqa) was a major scientific center too.

The situation eliminated the ominous impact that a marginal theological group had on parts of the Islamic world; however, this viciously anti-Islamic group made its way to the Ottoman capital (first at Söğüt, near Bilecik, at 200 km from the Eastern Roman capital: 1299-1331; second at Nicaea/Iznik, at 140 km from Constantinople: 1331-1335; third at Prousa/Bursa, at 150 km from the Christian Orthodox capital: 1335-1363; then at Adrianople/Edirne, in Thrace: 1363–1453) long before Mehmet II invaded Constantinople.

The Ottoman Sultanate before the conquest of Constantinople was already kind of a substitute for the Eastern Roman Empire.

To effectively hold the Ottoman sultans hostage of their evil pseudo-Islamic theology, they convinced the sultans to establish an absolutely non-Islamic state position, which had never existed before in any Islamic Caliphate and was actually nonexistent at that time in the Mamluk Caliphate (transferred in Cairo): the position of sheikhulislam. This repugnant and disreputable chicanery turned the Ottoman Sultanate into a viciously sectarian state, therefore promoting the ultimate Christianization of Islam. Any Muslim society that has a top religious authority becomes utterly papal in nature; Islam is by definition a religion with no priests.  

As an exaggerated, exorbitant description, the term ‘sheikhulislam’ was never of true, essential value in the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization. On some occasions, it had merely a nominal value, whereas in other cases it constituted an honorific distinction void of any substantive importance. Among Ottomans, it started being used during the 13th c., only to become official at the time of the controversial sultan Murad II (1404-1451; reigned from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446-1451). The reasons for which such an unprecedented measure was taken hinge indeed on the sectarian situation that prevailed among the so-called Ottoman family, which was looking like a brothel whereby every prostitute would fight to make of her son the ‘king’.

If kingdoms are known as the realm of discipline and order, the Ottoman sultanate was the ever moving circumference of nefarious disorder and chaotic wickedness.

Incredibly nauseating stories of divided harems, concubines allying with filthy sheikhs against other concubines supported by other imams, qadis and muftis – with several foreign powers involved in the internal conflicts of the disreputable Ottoman ‘family’ (because this absurd mass of concubines originated from different Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim kingdoms, khanates, principalities, sultanates, emirates and beyliks) and with constant clashes between the sectarian theologians and the only valuable and virtuous body of the state, namely the Janissaries (the indomitable infantry corps) – produced an infernal situation at the top of the world’s most misgoverned country.

The overall socio-economic situation of the population and the ruling conditions of the absurd state that hosted so many centrifugal forces deteriorated significantly due to the rising influence of the odious, sectarian and deeply anti-Islamic theologians around the idiotic Ottoman sultans, the likes of Murad I (1326-1389; reigned after 1362), Bayezid I (1360-1402; reigned as Sultan-i Rum, i.e. ruler of the ‘Eastern Romans’ because of his Eastern Roman mother, after 1389), Mehmed I (1386-1421; reigned after 1413, when the Ottoman interregnum 1402-1413 ended) and Murad II.

About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

III. The Ridiculous Beatification of the Squalid Ottomans, the Worst Enemies of the Turks

The Ottoman ‘family’ and the religious elite achieved to indisputably become the world’s most loathed ruling class; there was no time the wretched Ottoman family garnered the support of more than 10% of the sultanate’s population. Even worse for the Islamic world: further the Ottoman Empire (after 1453) expanded, more loathed it was. The absurdity of these undeniable facts is meticulously hidden by Western and Turkish Turkologists alike; this is due to external interference and colonial involvement in Turkey after the death of Kemal Atatürk.

First, the French ‘school’ of the Annalistes (academics publishing in the ideologically motivated periodical ‘Annales’ in order to portray all historical developments as of socio-economic and not spiritual of nature) and Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) showed an extraordinary interest for the Ottoman Empire’s commercial relations with Venice, Genoa, France and other European kingdoms, thus shifting the focus from other more crucial issues which help average readership identify the disastrous nature of the Ottoman rule.

Fernand Braudel

Second, Anglo-American Orientalists, notably the Zionist Bernard Lewis (1916-2018), the real father of today’s anti-Islamic ‘Political Islam’, decided not to criticize anything related to the History of the Islamic Caliphates (the Ottoman state included) in the way the Western historians used to do as regards the History of the Western European Christian kingdoms after the fall of the Roman Empire. This premeditated anti-academic choice left the then newly created Islamist perspective unchallenged.

Even worse, in Turkey, following Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (1890-1966), a scholar known for his academic tergiversations, weak personality, political confusion, and total inability to contextualize facts, events and developments, several Turkish historians, rather acting as agents of colonial powers, undertook the ridiculous task to ‘familiarize’ the Turks with the Ottomans. Among them, I clearly distinguish Halil İnalcık (1916-2016) and İlber Ortaylı (born in 1947). Their biased publications consist in an academic preparation for an anti-Atatürk political cholera.

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (right) with Modern Turkey’s most disreputable rascal Adnan Menderes who was rightfully executed in 1960.

When it comes to Turkish Turkologists and Islamologists, it is true that Kemal Atatürk was not as lucky as he was with Turkish Hittitologists, Assyriologists and Sumerologists. Until 1938, there was not one single Turkish historian specializing in Turkology who would truly express with academic arguments the position of the founder of the Turkish state about this topic. This produced a posterior confusion, because many tried to depict Atatürk as Pan-Turkist or Pan-Turanianist, but he was not.

Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, a leading Turkish Sumerologist and Assyriologist

On the contrary and due to Kemal Atatürk’s personal interest in History and Archaeology of Anatolia and Mesopotamia, there were many important Orientalists, historians and archaeologists of Turkish origin as early as 1930-1935, and in many fields of the Humanities, Turkey closed the gap that had been created by the apathy, the indifference and the inaptitude of the 18th, 19th and early 20th c. Ottoman authorities. Highly knowledgeable scholars, like the Assyriologist-Sumerologist Prof. Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, the grand Turkish lady and leading intellectual (born in 1914; 108 years old as of today) and the Hittitologist and archaeologist Ekrem Akurgal (1911-2002), were the sheer result of Kemal Atatürk’s willingness to make of Anatolia the focal point of the new nation, leaving the old capital to its past. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Fuat_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC#Relationship_with_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lber_Ortayl%C4%B1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekrem_Akurgal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muazzez_%C4%B0lmiye_%C3%87%C4%B1%C4%9F

Ekrem Akurgal

Unfortunately, after his death (1938), the founder of the Turkish Nation was betrayed by Kemalists, Pan-Turanianists and Islamists alike. I expanded on the topic at the governmental and ideological levels in my article on Kemal Atatürk:

https://www.academia.edu/44743768/Kemal_Ataturk_1938_2020_the_World_s_Greatest_20th_century_Statesman_betrayed_by_Islamists_Pan_Turanianists_and_Kemalists

At the academic, intellectual, educational, and cultural levels, the traitors of Kemal Atatürk attempted to fabricate, under Western colonial academic guidance, a fake story of supposed ‘Ottoman-Turkish’ continuity. This is utterly false; the Ottomans, i.e. the Ottoman family, were the worst enemy of the Turks. Kemal Atatürk liberated Anatolia from both enemies, external and internal: the armies of the French, the Italians and the Greeks constituted the first menace, whereas the wretched and obsolete, anti-Turkish family of Osman was the second opponent. When it comes to the liberation of Anatolia, the pinnacle of the historical process took place on the 3rd March 1924, with the abolition of the Caliphate, which was merely a tool available in the hands of the cursed family to be used against all the Turks throughout the Ottoman lands.

Halil İnalcık: a Turkish origin cosmopolitan who worked in Turkey as historian of the Ottoman Empire only to diffuse misconceptions, misperceptions, and historical falsifications adjusted to criminal Anglo-American colonial plans providing for Turkey’s fake re-islamization and final destruction. His professor in London was the criminal colonial liar and political schemer Bernard Lewis.

Execrable clown İlber Ortaylı – he resigned from his academic position in Turkey in 1982 to react against the very correct involvement of the Turkish army in the chaotic political life of the country.

You may have heard about the incessant Ottoman – Iranian wars that ruined both empires, caused hundreds of thousands of casualties, and ruined vast territories of today’s Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran for more than three centuries. No less than 11 wars, which lasted in total 88 years, in only a period of 300 years! You must surely be as stupid as an Ottoman original to do it! Incredible!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars

Quite often, there was foreign incitation, as the Ottomans sided with the French and the Iranians with the English, but all this demonstrates the shameful disgrace that the Ottoman family proved to be for all Muslims across the centuries. These wars were fratricidal indeed, not in the sense that both empires were at least nominally Islamic, but because the two ruling dynasties were Turkic-Turanian. The Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) of Iran was an entirely Turkmen family from Azerbaijan.

In both empires, as well as in the Mughal Empire of India, the official language was Turkic; in all three empires, Farsi was the language of the education, literature, and culture, whereas Arabic was the language of the science. In this regard, all three realms continued an almost millennium long tradition attested in the Abbasid, Samanid, Ghaznavid, Buyid, Seljuk, Ilkhanid and Timurid times.

All the same, under Safavid, Afshar (1736-1796) or Qajar (1789-1925) rule (all three dynasties were Turkmen), the Iranian shahs intervened many times to save the Turkmen populations of Anatolia from the wrath and the cruelty of their Ottoman rulers; it would perhaps be better for the Muslim, Christian and other populations of Anatolia that the Akkoyunlu dynasty (1378-1503), which controlled the lands of Eastern Turkey and most of today’s Iran’s territory, prevailed and lasted to possibly supplant the Ottomans in Western Anatolia and the Balkans. Quite unfortunately, with the Safavid tariqa (spiritual Order) launching their own empire, the Akkoyunlu state perished and the Safavid dynasty rose in power in Iran.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu

Afshar Iran under Nader Shah invaded the Mughal Empire of India

The Qajar Empire of Iran

IV. Examples of Turkmen, Anatolian and Muslim Rejection of the Ottoman Pseudo-Sunni Theology

Quite indicative is the case of the Shahqulu (Şahkulu/ شاه قولی) movement in Anatolia (1509-1511), which was terribly oppressed by Selim I; at the time, several dozens of thousands of populations were massacred throughout Anatolia, and at the end, no less than 20000 people were sent to exile in South Balkans (Mora / Peloponnesus). In brief, the Ottoman family performed a real anti-Muslim genocide in Anatolia. About:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu

The Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen state in 1478; all the peoples between the Balkans and the Indus River Valley would live better and more happily with no wars, no oppression and no misery, if the Safavid rise did not put an end to the Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen confederacy and if the Aq Qoyunlu prevailed over the ill-fated Ottomans in Western Anatolia.

Closely related to this fact, the rise of the Turkmen Ağıtlar poetry (ağıt: lamentation) definitely bears witness to the overwhelming rejection and the strong revilement of the Ottoman Constantinopolitan pseudo-Sunni theology, absurdity and wickedness by the quasi-totality of the Anatolian Turkmen population.

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1t

The spread of the Şahkulu (Shahqulu) rebellion in 1509-1511

The rejection of the Ottoman family was very well known to the disreputable Dîvan-ı Hümayun (the Constantinopolitan imperial council); it is from there that the most vicious and the most racist, anti-Turk literature emanated. The filthy clerk of the council Hafız Hamdi Çelebi, serving there in the period of Bayezid II (1447-1512; reigned after 1481), wrote the following libel against the main population of Anatolia and the God-damned Ottoman Empire: 

“sakın türk’ü insan sanma

bir an bile olsa türkle olma

türk eline şeker olsa, o şeker zehir olur

türk’ün başını keserken sakın gam yeme

baban bile olsa türk’ü öldür. “

https://tr.instela.com/hafiz-hamdi-celebi–323568

A rough English translation reads: 

“Don’t think the Turk is human!

Don’t be a Turk even for a moment!

If a Turkish hand had sugar, that sugar would be poison.

Don’t be sad while cutting off the head of a Turk!

Kill the Turk even if he’s your father”!

This is the entire truth about the worst shame of the 2nd millennium, namely the Ottoman Empire. More (https://www.turkudostlari.net/soz.asp?turku=18072):

– Prof. Dr. Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, Istanbul, 1992, p. 348

– Ahmet Refik, Anadolu’da Türk Aşiretleri, Enderun Kitabevi, Istanbul, 1989, p. 77-78

– Baki Yaşa Altınok, Rakka ve Orta Anadolu Ekseninde Bir Oymağın Tarihi (Ceritler) { History of a Tribe on the Axis of Raqqa and Central Anatolia (Ceritler)}, Gazi Üniversitesi Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, Yıl 8, Sayı 21, 2002, p. 211-224

– Baki Yaşa Altınok, Öyküleriyle Kırşehir Türküleri, Destanları, Ağıtları (Kırşehir Folk Songs, Epics, Laments with Their Stories), Oba Yayıncılık, May 2003, Ankara, p. 91-93

Speaking about the spiritual, cultural, educational, intellectual, moral and socio-behavioral traditions of the Anatolian Turks, one has to concentrate on the four cornerstones of the Turkic (mainly Turkmen) Anatolian identity and integrity:

1- the Turkic military epics (notably the legend of Köroğlu),

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Koroghlu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_literature

A statue for the legendary hero of the Turanian world

2- the Iranian epic tradition (an amalgamation of Iranian and Turanian world concepts as narrated by Ferdowsi, Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Khusrau and many others in their epics),

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusrau

Fereydoun receives Toorshead: miniature from Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh manuscript prepared for the Iranian Shah Tahmasp in the 16th c. The world’s most exquisite manuscript ever is one of the many manuscripts of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh preserved down to our days and it is known as ‘Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp’ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp). It would however be very erroneous to consider Ferdowsi’s epic as part of the Iranian national culture only. It consisted in an inextricable part of the Turanian national culture too from Siberia to the Balkans and from Eastern Europe to India. It is noteworthy that the Ottoman Emperor Selim I, writing letters to Ismail Safavi, Shah of Iran, prior to the Battle of Chaldiran, compared himself to the great hero Fereydun. All Ottomans constantly read Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh which reflected the popular legends, traditions and cultures of all people throughout the Ottoman Empire.

3- the Turkic mysticism and spirituality (as embodied by several esoteric Orders, starting from Ahmed Yasavi and the Yasawiyya or Yeseviye and going down to the Mevlevi, the Bektashi and the Safavi Orders), and

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlevi_Order

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_order

Symbols and traditions of the Bektashi Order; the Bektashis and their military branch the Qizilbash had the only correct perception, understanding, and interpretation of the Quranic text and the Hadith. Their enemies were the Constantinopolitan Ottoman theologians, who represented a profane distortion of Islam and a systematic effort of Christianization of the teachings of prophet Muhammad. That is why the evil Jesuits loved the Ottoman sultans’ stupidity (that would bring the collapse of the Ottoman Empire sooner or later); for this reason they also love the disreputable political ideology of ‘political islam’, a most anti-Islamic, colonial theory.

4- the sacred texts of Islam (Quran, Hadith) and the traditional Islamic historiography, science, literature, wisdom, and legendary traditions.

Of these foundations, the Ottoman family despised the first, loathed the third (the Bektashi Order was prohibited in 1826, but was well versed in the second (Iranian epics), and excessively utilized the fourth (Quran, Hadith) for their own illegitimate and profane profit.

The Turkic epic tradition, which forms the basis of Modern Turkish literature, refers constantly to the endless Turkic Anatolian rebellions against the Ottoman rulers and their fake Muslim sheikhs and Constantinopolitan sheikhulislams. It is not actually by coincidence that Nazim Hikmet, Modern Turkey’s national poet, wrote his illustrious Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı (The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin, Son of Simavne Kadi), in 1936, about this superb personality of the 14th and the early 15th c.

Nazim Hikmet

The illustrious Sheikh Bedreddin (شیخ بدرالدین; 1359-1420) was a Seljuk mystic and scholar, who in the early 15th c. sided with the great Turanian Emperor Timur (Tamerlane) against the filthy rascal Bayezid I in the Battle of Ankara (1402). At the time, all Anatolian Turks sided with Timur against the Ottoman pseudo-Muslim sultan, because they already realized very well that the silly Ottomans and their treacherous, fake Sunni sheikhulislams and sheikhs would make of their state a tool for the Anti-Christian pope of Rome, ultimately enslaving all the Muslim and the Christian Orthodox populations to the Western European kingdoms.

Map of the Empire of Tamerlane (Timur): it is relatively wrong because it does not include the conquered lands into the state of the Great Emperor, but colors these lands differently.

A quite mistaken map of Tamerlane’s Empire

Totally fake map in which most of Tamerlane’s conquests (Moscow, Delhi, Damascus, Ankara, Izmir) are not included in his Empire.

The absolutely perfidious nature of the Ottoman family is fully demonstrated in the case of Timur’s siege (December 1402) and conquest of Izmir (Smyrna, by far the largest and most important city in Anatolia’s western coastland). The Knights Hospitaller and Venetian army had invaded the Eastern Roman city of Smyrna in 1344, fighting against the Seljuk Turkmen Emir of Aydin. For more than 50 years, the cursed dynasty of Ottomans was waging sectarian wars against other Turkmen Anatolian Muslims, but did not bother to attack and eliminate the Western armies from Izmir/Smyrna.

This constitutes an indication of the good relations that some fake Muslim sheikulislams in the Ottoman court maintained with the Catholic forces and the papal delegates. But Timur fully realized what was at stake. That is why, after vanquishing the useless Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, Timur proceeded to Izmir and liberated the Western coastland of Anatolia from the Western European armies.

In fact, viewed historically, Kemal Ataturk and Timur (Tamerlane) seem have achieved -in the same exactly location- parallel military triumphs, against both the cursed Ottomans and the evil Western intruders.

It is for this reason that, after Timur’s death, sheikh Bedreddin led an anti-Ottoman revolution in 1416; the great effort of liberation from the Ottoman yoke started at the same time in Western Anatolia {in Izmir (Smyrna) and Manisa (Magnesia)} and in the Balkans (Dobruja and Wallachia in today’s Bulgaria and Romania). It constituted one very vibrant rejection of the Constantinopolitan Ottoman theological cholera. Evidently, sheikh Bedreddin’s anti-Ottoman rebellion in the early 15th c. was tantamount to declaration of Turkish national identity. About:  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet#Plays

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_literature#The_epic_tradition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus_Emre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Invasion_of_Anatolia

View at Medium.com

https://books.google.ru/books?id=9u5WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA150&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smyrna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#1389

Fake map of the Ottoman Empire, with vast part of the empire left out (notably the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea coasts, Sudan, Sahara and the African Atlas)

Fake map of the Ottoman Empire, probably paid by Saudi petrodollars in order to deliberately present the Arabian Peninsula as located out of the Ottoman Caliph’s control. In reality, the Ottomans treated the desert tribes of the Arabian Peninsula as dogs, and they were very correct in this practice and approach.

Correct map of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies

Many Western scholars deliberately interpret the wars between the Ottomans and the Safavids (16th–18th c.) as a ‘Sunni-Shia’ clash, but this is a lie; this is tantamount to an attempt of viewing History with today’s eyes. It is very wrong. In reality, the Ottoman – Iranian wars were due first, to the well-known and repeatedly attested Turkmen rejection of the devious Ottomans and second, to the clash between the Anatolian Islamic spirituality and the sectarian Ottoman theology. The Iranian Turkmen wanted to support their brethren and save the Anatolian Turkmen from the cruel Ottoman sultans and their devilish sheikhulislams. As you can understand due to my previous paragraphs, it was not only a matter of the early 16th c.; it had already occurred one century earlier: with Timur (Tamerlane)!

One of the consequences of the aforementioned unbearable situation was that great populations (notably the nomads) had to be constantly on the move; more than 200 Turkmen tribes are known to have relocated from the Taurus Mountains to the Zagros mountain range or to the Caucasus region and vice versa (back and forth) during the 15th – 18th c. Coming back to Anatolia after some generations with a richer Georgian or Farsi vocabulary, eventually different names, and also slightly modified beliefs and traditions (as per each case), these originally Turkmen tribes became the ancestors of populations that are nowadays mistakenly thought to be ethnically different (‘Zaza’, ‘Kurmanji’: known as ‘Kurds’).

Areas where Zazaki is spoken in Turkey; Zazaki is closer to Georgian and other Caucasian languages.

Kurmanji and Sorani are very different from one another; only perverse linguists can call Sorani ‘South Kurmanji’. This ridiculous classification is tantamount to calling Spanish …. ‘South French’. Both languages are closer to Farsi than to Zazaki. All the same, they have also sizeable Turkish and Arabic vocabulary.

Then, due to the Ottoman lawlessness and out of thin air Anglo-American and French scholars (or German and Russian erudite explorers under Western European influence or guidance) created the ‘myth’ of the so-called ‘Kurdish’ nation.   

From the above you can understand that Turkey is by definition an anti-Ottoman Turkish state, which respects the Anatolian culture and heritage of Turkic and non-Turkic populations; it was created thanks to the War of Independence (1919-1923), and by definition, Turks have left the Ottoman past to die. Nothing and nobody will bring it back. Any stupid guy, who may wish to try to revive the Ottoman filth, will merely fall inside the Ottoman tomb, fully deserving its putrefaction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence

V. The Western Myth of the ‘Ottoman Empire’

Demolishing the modern (colonial – Western) myth of the Ottoman Empire would take a 50-volume encyclopedia to effectuate, but I herewith wanted to only pinpoint few critical elements.

Examined with respect to governance, administration, and military force, the Ottoman Empire had the most defective structure of Islamic state. Shortsighted and disingenuous, its rulers (sultans, caliphs or emperors) lost incredible opportunities and doomed their chances to worldwide supremacy. Among the major Muslim empires {disgracefully called ‘gunpowder empires’ by the Western colonial forgers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_empires)}, the Ottoman Empire occupied the most useless lands (the deserts of Africa and the sand dunes of the Arabian Peninsula), delivered the most undeserving wars, wasted its mediocre resources (particularly if compared with the Mughal Empire of India), and attacked the wrong enemies.

Last year, I needed more than 4500 words to explain (in an article – see link below!) why it was absolutely pathetic for Mehmed II to conquer the city of Constantinople, i.e. the tiny remnant of the erstwhile formidable Eastern Roman Empire.

https://www.academia.edu/43199538/29_May_1453_The_most_Useless_Ottoman_Victory

I will need more space to expand on how Selim I (1470-1520; reigned after 1512) weakened the Ottoman Empire with his sectarian religious beliefs and his depravity as attested in the already mentioned civil war that followed the Shahqulu rebellion. It will take even more space to analyze the disastrous side-effects of his absolutely unnecessary war against Iran. I must however add that, in this regard, the most astounding absurdity of Selim I was the inane use that he made of his victory at Chaldiran (1514).

Selim I

Selim I’s major rival, Ismail Safavi, as painted by the Florentine painter Cristofano dell’Altissimo (the guy who painted Saladin as a devil!)

The Battle of Chaldiran as painted in the imperial palace Chehel Sotun in Isfahan

The location of Chaldiran, close to today’s Turkish-Iranian border, NE of the Lake Van

By uselessly invading Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Egypt (1516-1517), he lost the chance to conquer the Iranian plateau down to the Indus Valley and further on to Delhi and the Ganges Valley, thus effectively reconstituting Tamerlane’s formidable state from the Aegean Sea to Bengal. This would be the only way to establish a formidable Muslim state very wealthy and powerful enough to efficiently oppose all European colonial powers and plans.

The terrible mistake of Selim I: instead of merging lands with dense populations from the Adriatic Sea to the Ganges River Valley (by fully invading Iran and subsequently attacking the then ailing Delhi Sultanate), he preferred to collect the sands of Arabia and Egypt as his … treasure.

Last, speaking about Selim I’s son Suleiman I (1494-1566; reigned after 1520), one should first notice the extraordinary eulogies and the bright epithets that Western Europeans used when speaking of him (‘Magnificent’; basically because of his involvement with Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire as regards the liberation of the imprisoned Francis I of France). It is however common wisdom that, when your enemies praise you, you have to realize that you committed a calamitous error. Militarily brave but mentally retarded, Suleiman the ‘Magnificent’ is indeed the person who created the Christian Orthodox ‘Russian’ kingdom of Muscovy with his ill-fated expeditions, his useless wars against Iran, his misperception of the situation in Crimea, Kazan and Muscovy, and his inability to put an end to fratricidal wars among Tatars, Mongols, Turanians and Muslims.

Suleiman I was not ‘magnificent’.

– Do you remember that Ibn Battuta had stated that the world’s most opulent city was Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde (one of the vast states that emanated from Genghis Khan’s Empire)? But who destroyed Saray? Was it the deed of a Russian?

– No! It was the idiotic act of a Crimean Tatar!

Suleiman I’s failure to identify the meaning of the second marriage of Ivan III of Muscovy (1440-1505; reigned after 1462) with Zoe (later Sophia) Palaiologina (niece of the last Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos), which took place under the auspices of the pope of Rome, meant that he could not even imagine the back thoughts and the menacing intentions of Vasili III of Muscovy (1479-1533; reigned after 1502).

Ivan III of the tiny principality of Moscow

(baptized Zoe) Sophia Palaiologina

Vasili III of Muscovy

Fake map of the principality of Moscow in 1505; the Muscovy rulers did not control even 20% of the territory in green color at the time. Presenting the early Muscovy state larger than it truly was serves the colonial purpose of concealing the enormous size of Turanian and Muslim khanates on Eastern European soil. Even more importantly, the majority of the population of the state of the predecessors of Ivan IV was Turanian and Muslim. They have been gradually russified and Christianized.

That is why, when Suleiman I was about to die (1566), a great rival to the Ottoman Empire had already appeared in the North, after Ivan IV (known as The Terrible; 1530-1584; reigned after 1533) invaded the Islamic Khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556), being ready to expand at the detriment of the Islamic Khanate of Siberia. 

Even worse, the rise of a northern Christian Orthodox empire as successor to the Eastern Roman Empire had already become known to leading Christian authorities in the realm of the otherwise unsuspecting, foolish Suleiman I, as Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria sent to Muscovy demands for financial assistance (1558), because the famous Saint Catherine’s Monastery (in the Sinai) had been damaged by Ottoman soldiers! The unraveling of the Islamic Caliphate and the beginning of the demise of the Ottoman dynasty had already started!

Prof. Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov’s plastic facial reconstruction of Ioann (Ivan) IV (the Terrible): a Turk who even looked like Tamerlane.

However, the calamitous doctrinal blindness of the Ottomans was such that it irreparably condemned them to ultimate collapse and disappearance 364 years later, when the ludicrous clown Vahdettin (also known as Mehmed VI), the last of all Ottomans, was kicked in the ass and left his palace to find shelter {not in a humble village in Anatolia among Turks (as he should have sought) but} in a British warship, then in Malta, and finally in the Italian Riviera where he shamefully died (1926) only to be buried in Damascus (under French mandate) with the money that his daughter collected like a beggar. About:  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_(city)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta#Central_Asia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_I_Giray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahib_I_Giray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_I_Giray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giray_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia#Marriages_and_children

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Sibir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_VI#Exile_and_death

That’s why all the Turks shout today: “the Hell with the Ottomans”!

Best regards,

Shamsaddin

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Uyghurs, Eastern Turkestan, Turkey, Islam, China, and Kemal Ataturk – Part I

Over the past decades, the Uyghurs have gradually become one of the most favorite topics of the distorting propaganda undertaken by the Western colonial powers; it is a pity that a great and historic nation turned out to be the indispensable mascot of every disinformation and misinformation campaign carried out by the Western mainstream media and by some of the leading social media in the Internet. More recently, themes related to the illustrious Turanian nation were promoted to the forefront of the clash between China and the corrupt, ailing and worthless Western world.

However, in the case of the Uyghur nation and their land, i.e. the Tarim Basin, the lies diffused nowadays only pale if compared to the methodically established in the 19th c. and systematically expanded ever since academic fallacies about the Uyghurs, all the Turkic nations, Central Asia, Siberia, China, India, Iran, the so-called Middle East, and in general, the History of Asia. The same concerns of course Africa as well.

Each and every historical distortion is due only to the evil political needs of the colonial powers, i.e. their attempt to subdue the world, by fooling the others in various ways that the colonial academia are not ashamed to call ‘Orientalism’, ‘Humanities’, and ‘unbiased science’. That’s why only very few scholars today have an idea about the true dimensions of the colonial falsehood, the extent of the historical falsification, and the disastrous targets that the colonial powers attempted through their enormous academic fallacy. This unfortunately concerns also the Uyghurs themselves because, due to various circumstances occurred over the past 300-400 years, they have been detached from their past and dissociated from part of their extraordinarily remarkable historical-cultural heritage, thus failing to achieve a proper nation building process.

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Uyghur Civilization constitutes one of the most fascinating parts of the Turanian and Oriental Cultural Heritage; more than any other nation in the World History, the Uyghurs developed civilization through five (5) different religions: Tengrism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.

Buddhist Uyghur princes depicted on wall paintings of Bezeklik Cave 9

Manichaean Elects (priests) as depicted on walls of the Manichaean temple at Qocho

Wall painting from the Qocho Church; a process of Nestorian priests commemorating Palm Sunday (7th-8th c.)

The famous map featured in Mahmoud al Kashgari’s masterpiece Diwan Lughat al-Turk (“Compendium of the languages of the Turks” / 11th c.), which is a monumental work that shows the advanced level of scholarship that the Uyghurs had reached among all Turanian and Muslim nations.

The tomb of Mahmud al Kashgari, one of the most illustrious Uyghur scholars and erudite academics – Kashgar, Eastern Turkestan/Xinjiang

Uyghur Christian Nestorian priests, architects and merchants built the Daqin Pagoda-Church in Xi’an, the ancient Chinese capital Chang’an, during the 11th c.

The travels of the Uyghur Nestorian Chinese diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma (13th c.)

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Ignorant and idiotic people, who believe the lies of the criminal gangsters of the Western countries against China and accept the Western propaganda about the so-called oppression or persecution of the Uyghurs in Eastern Turkestan by the Chinese authorities, are the disgrace of the human race, and they will soon have to pay an enormously high price for their ignorance and idiocy. This concerns also several foolish politicians in Turkey, notably Mansur Yavaş, the mayor of Ankara, and Meral Akşener, the head of Iyi Parti, who recently took disastrous positions against China, therefore only proving that they are on the CIA payroll.

Their sick sentimentalism and evil rhetoric heavily damage Turkey’s national interests, which are irrevocably linked with China. Not one Turk can today possibly support and defend positions that help -in any sense- Turkey’s enemies, namely US, UK, EU, NATO, Canada, Australia and their likes. Either both, Mr. Yavaş and Ms. Akşener, will return to common sense or they will contribute to the disastrous failure of Turkey, which has been the quintessence of the miserable and anti-Turkish AKP governments’ policies since 2002.

On the contrary, sticking to Kemal Ataturk’s secular concepts, principles and practices, today’s Turkey can become instrumental in solving the Uyghur problem, in offering Beijing great assistance and effective advice in the matter, and in dragging the embattled Uyghur nation far from the useless pseudo-Islamic theological indoctrination, which has been diffused -in a most nauseating and disgusting manner- by the ignorant, uneducated and villainous sheikhs and pseudo-professors of Al Azhar, Madinah and other similar, backward and pseudo-Islamic universities of today’s decayed Islamic world.

Better than anyone else, Turkey’s Kemalists, and more particularly the members and the deputies of CHP (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), are in a position to convincingly explain to the Uyghurs the worldwide unique achievements made by Kemal Ataturk and to pull them far from the evil manipulation undertaken by the colonial Western countries against -not only the Uyghurs but also- all the Turanian nations.

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When different maps of Eastern Turkestan / Xinkiang uploaded in different versions of the Wikipedia reveal the hidden intentions of scheming colonial diplomats

Eastern Turkestan / Xinjiang autonomous region of the People’s Republic of China

Dzungaria (in red) and the Tarim Basin (in blue) are the two parts of Xinkiang

Uyghurs, Han Chinese, and Kazakh: Xinjiang nationalities by prefecture – Date: 2000

The entry East Turkestan of the English version of the Wikipedia features this ridiculous map, which has no historical credibility, but it only shows the territories that the CIA and the State Department order the so-called ‘World Uyghur Congress’ to publicly demand for secession! This treacherous organization terribly harms the interests of the Uyghur Nation.

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If today’s Uyghurs believe -in any way- even a single word uttered to them by the monstrous, paranoid, disreputable and criminal statesmen, military, politicians, diplomats, agents, academics, analysts, journalists, etc., they will all fall victims of a scheme providing for the cynical utilization of their nation, and in the process they will bring upon themselves their destruction. Any sort of contact, communication, association or cooperation between the Uyghurs and any representative of the US, UK, EU, NATO gangsters will only end with the fatal and total eradication of the Uyghur nation, and the only responsible will be the naïve Uyghur pundits and activists who thought it possible to communicate with the leeches and the parasites of the Western world.

It has nothing to do with ‘religion’, and it is as simple as that: the inhuman monsters, who rule the US, UK, EU, NATO, etc., do not give a damn about the Uyghurs and their lives, let alone their souls. Already, these evil governments and their insidious academia abominably disfigured and deliberately minimized the History of Uyghur Nation in a shameful manner, concealing major achievements of the illustrious Turanian nation. The demented, inhuman and devilish atheists, who rule London, Paris, Brussels, and Washington D.C., do not care whether the Uyghurs pray in the mosques or fast in Ramadhan; under other circumstances, they would be pleased to throw thousands of insulting caricatures of prophet Muhammad inside the Uyghur mosques and thus profane them. They only care to generate problems to their principal rival: Beijing.

That’s why the gangsters of US, UK, EU, NATO, etc. use the Uyghurs like their most worn out shoes. The descendants of a major Turanian nation should not therefore fall victims of the fetid and bestial pedophiles of the West, who first pay some millions of dollars to the Uyghur traitors of the ‘World Uyghur Congress’, and then calmly enjoy their abnormal lives, destroying young children’s lives.

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Who pays the bill for the World Uyghur Congress and for all the lies published in Western mass media against China?

Those who pay one category of their puppets, namely the atheist and Zionist cartoonists, to publish disreputable cartoons ridiculing prophet Muhammad, …

View of the premises of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, in Paris, France, 02 November 2011, after they suffered destruction due to an incendiary bomb attack overnight. According to Police sources the fire started around 01.00 am. Charlie Hebdo had published a special edition on 02 November related to the Arab Spring, renaming the magazine Charia Hebdo for the occasion, in reference to the Ennahda Islamist party victory in Tunisia and the transitional Libyan executive’s statement that Islamic Sharia law would be the country’s main source of law. The cover featured a cartoon of the Mohammed, saying: ‘100 lashes if you don’t die of laughter!’.

those who pay another category of their puppets, namely the Islamic extremists and terrorists to fire-bomb the offices of the newspapers that published the disreputable cartoons …

….. are those who pay the otherwise ‘good Muslims’ and ‘patriotic Uyghurs’ of the World Uyghur Congress to betray their nation, their religion, their history and their heritage, just for … a fistful of dollars!

And how do the world’s most criminal countries, France, England and the US, i.e. the states that perpetrated the world’s most abhorrent crimes, happen to care now about the nonexistent ‘genocide of the Uyghurs’ after they exterminated all the American Indians and the African and Asiatic nations that they colonized?

Only idiots and fake Muslims believe these lies – only to end up in the Hell that they deserve.

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The present series of articles will shed light on the evil deeds and the criminal plans that the mendacious and duplicitous Western ‘supporters’ of the Uyghurs have long carried out and it will underscore the imperative need for a cordial alliance between Turkey and China, which will reshape the world and ditch the anomalous, colonial West in the landfill once for all.

Contents

I. The Dispute about the Uyghur Past and Heritage

II. A Brief Diagram of Uyghur History

III. Eastern Turkestan: the Clash of Terms for the Center of the World

IV. Turkey: the Turanian and the Islamic World’s Foremost Example as a Secular State

V. Islam: turned to a Theological System, Islam does not exist anymore as Religion VI. China and the Problems of Eastern Turkestan – Xinkiang

VII. Kemal Ataturk: the Only True Salvation for today’s Uyghurs

I. The Dispute about the Uyghur Past and Heritage

Uyghurs ( ئۇيغۇرلار- Уйғурлар /Uygurlar/維吾爾/ Уйгуры) are one of the most ancient and most important Turanian (Turkic) nations; as per a conventional, flawed and Western colonial linguistic classification, Uyghur belongs to the Karluk category of Turanian languages, like Uzbek. On the contrary, Turkmen, Turkish, Azeri and other languages belong to the Oghuz (Oğuz) branch of Turanian languages, whereas Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and several other languages form the Kipchak (Kıpçak/ Кипчак – Кыпчак) group of Turanian languages.

Uyghur History covers four (4) millennia documented in several languages and an endlessly increasing material record; however, it has been detrimentally distorted by Western colonial explorers and academics, notably English and French, since the time of what was termed as the Great Game. This ominous term denotes basically the 19th c. antagonism of primarily German, Russian, English and French Orientalists, explorers, scholars, secret agents, diplomats and statesmen for the fabrication of the borders that each great power wanted to impose in a vast area to which none of these powers was related (Russia reached that area only by invading other kingdoms and empires).

The Great Game: the Afghan Emir Shir Ali between the Russians (bear) and the English (lion)

The various borderlines that were envisioned by the respective headquarters and expressed only the wishes of Berlin, St. Petersburg, London and Paris needed to be backed-up by aptly, properly and systematically falsified historiography, and consequently, History ‘had’ to be written in a way so that it can be adjusted to each of the aforementioned political interests that were opposite to one another. That’s why several gangsters and thieves, like ‘Sir’ Aurel Stein, masqueraded as scholars, crossed many thousands of kilometers and penetrated in dangerous deserts to search, find and distort/misinterpret antiquities first. The entirely fake science of ‘geopolitics’ was also fabricated at that time only to theorize the nonsensical colonial claims raised by every white racist criminal. There are no historical lines that can possibly divide Asia. The true historical process, as documented in written sources and the archaeological material record, totally discredits every hypothetical line drawn by any biased ‘political scientist’.   

It is crucial at this point to underscore the fact that the useless Ottoman Empire, although primordially concerned by the aforementioned developments, was totally absent from the Great Game, pretty much like the ailing Qajar Empire of Iran. The roots of the Asiatic Great Game could to some extent be attributed to the Napoleonic scheme of an eventual French-Russian alliance geared in order to invade the then still expanding English colonial force in South Asia (the so-called ‘India’). As it can be understood, the collapsing and terminating Mughal Empire (Gorkanian) was (in the early 19th c.) at the brink of extinction due to the ceaseless plots and colonial wars undertaken by Portuguese, Dutch, French and English against it, whereas in Qing China, the emperors Jiaqing (嘉慶帝; 1796-1820) and Daoguang (道光帝; 1820-1850) were only a shadow of their formidable predecessor Kangxi (康熙帝; 1661-1722), and their rule over the land of the Uyghurs was only nominal. So, none of the four great historical Asiatic empires (Ottomans, Iranians, Mughal and China) could be able to withstand or divert the colonial onslaught.

Speaking of today’s Uyghurs, I felt obliged to briefly divert my presentation to issues pertaining to the Great Game for a simple, yet crucial, reason; the outcome of the Great Game determined what we know today as ‘borders’ in the vast lands of Central and Eastern Asia. And as I already said, it also shaped to great extent what is today taught in universities worldwide as History of Asia or Uyghur History. Several modern scholarly juxtapositions and polarizations about various points of Uyghur History are only the result of the systematic, sophisticated and insidious distortion of Asiatic History by Western colonial academia. This is so because tons of deliberately falsified data and material record have not yet been duly refuted and rejected, but they still constitute harmful traps that disorient researchers from a correct and proper conceptualization and contextualization of the historical sources.

Turghun Almas (Тургун Алмас/ تۇرغۇن ئالماس/吐尔贡·阿力玛斯; 1924-2001), a great Uyghur scholar who was persecuted because of his secessionist misinterpretation of Uyghur History, supported the thesis of 6000+ years of indigenous Uyghur History in Eastern Turkestan. Official Chinese historical interpretations associate today’s Uyghurs with the Tiele people, who were part of the vast Hiung-Nu (Xiongnu /匈奴 / Хунну) tribal, confederate Empire, some of whose descendants became later known as Huns in Central Asia, Western Siberia, and throughout Europe. The Hiung-Nu are a major part of China’s History and the Hiung-Nu wars with Han China (133 BCE-89 CE) shaped China as we know it.

Turghun Almas

Their heirs are the so-called White Huns (‘Ebodalo’ in Bactrian/厭帶夷粟陁 – Yethailito/Εφθαλίται-Hephthalites/Эфталиты), who formed various kingdoms in Bactria, Sogdiana and the entire Tarim Basin (Eastern Turkestan). Although vassals of the Rouran Khaganate (see below), they were formidable warriors and defeated the Sassanid armies of Iran several times. The Hephthalites contributed greatly to Civilization, Spirituality and Art, being the enlightened rulers who sponsored superb and majestic monuments like the Qizil Caves of the Tarim Basin (Caves of the Thousand Buddhas) and the Buddhas of Bamiyan (Afghanistan).

However, trying to demonstrate, who arrived first in a specific territory, in order to subsequently issue historicity claims is the least successful method for anyone to get rid of the Anglo-French colonial Orientalist scheme, and of its implications. It is essential to first understand the nature of the Ancient Turanian History and second outsmart the colonial distortion of the History of Asia.

Turanians were nomads or semi-nomads whose acts demonstrate that they were absolutely convinced that home-dwellers were sinners and degenerate people unable to attain the ancestral human originality because of their attachment to one only location. The difference, opposition and clash between Turanian nomads and settled populations are the real axis around which revolves the History of all Turanian nations. This is attested in historical sources, in the archaeological material record, and also in epics, legends and every literary effort of mythologized History. With this in mind, one can comprehend the entire History of Asia far better and perceive the interaction between the Northern Chinese and the Turanians as a historical process that concerns the same family of nations. Actually, many historical and literary sources view the Northern Chinese as simply settled Turanians, and this can provide far better insight into the violence of their wars. In this regard, the Han – Hiung-Nu wars constitute an early episode of the permanent phenomenon of Turanian nomad-settler polarity. 

On the other hand, the colonial perfidy in misinterpreting historical evidence and in contextualizing it as per the colonial interests of England and France is easy to assess; it merely constitutes a reflection of their own attitude at the political-international level. Since they viciously generate all types of divisions at the political level, they deliberately proliferate divisions at the academic-scholarly level, when writing down the history of lands that they hate enough to viciously distort, fittingly adjust, and totally subordinate it to the fallacy that they diffuse as their own, ‘Western’ or ‘European’, History. Western Orientalists played therefore with ethnic names, personal names, toponyms, and the vocabulary of languages that they deciphered.

Although it is very well known that an ethnic group can have many diverse names in different historical sources written in several languages, colonial academic forgers intentionally multiplied the historically recorded (in various languages under different names) ethnicities in order to deprive several nations from

a) a past that the Western colonial academics did not want to attribute to them,

b) a presence in remote locations that they did not want to acknowledge to them,

and

c) an achievement that was ‘too great’ so that the Western schemers possibly concede it to all those nations that they viewed hatefully and enviously for their past, cultures, civilizations and achievements.  

The subsequent fabrication of, otherwise nonexistent, pseudo-historical nations (which are only the duplicate of other nations known under different names) is a method that was widely used by Western Orientalists in order to disfigure the History of Asia. This fact had a disastrous impact on Uyghurs, China, the History of Uyghur, and the History of China as these topics are presently taught in universities and manipulated in politics.

An example in this regard is offered by another ‘stolen’ part of the Uyghur heritage: the Yuezhi (月氏/ Юэчжи; 3rd c. BCE – 4th c. CE), who became later known as divided (Great Yuezhi and Lesser Yuezhi), are not different from the Hiung-Nu but only constitute a part of them. They clashed with them and they migrated only to be further divided in their migration. But the Yuezhi and the Hiung-Nu were indeed Turanians, and they constitute an authentic part of Uyghur History, pretty much like they are an inalienable part of the History of China, which de facto comprises and is partly identical with the History of Turan.   

Eurasia in the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty 141-87 BCE

Han China expansion in the ‘West’, the Xiongnu, and the Yuezhi at the end of the 2nd c. BCE and the beginning of the 1st c. BCE

The supreme stage of the colonial historiographical distortion contains the disgrace of white racism; this took the monstrous form of excessive Indo-Europeanization of everything. How this was processed is easy to unveil: Friedrich W. K. Müller, a famous German Orientalist of the Deutsche Turfanexpeditionen (German Turfan expeditions) associated the Yuezhi with the Tocharian nation (Τόχαροι/ Тохары/吐火罗人) of the Ancient Greek historical sources. The problem exploded when other Western European Orientalists did not want to identify the Tocharians of Eastern Turkestan with the Tocharians of Bactria, whose language they had arbitrarily identified as ‘Indo-European’.

In brief, they wanted to Indo-Europeanize an essentially Turanian/Chinese continent of which Europe constituted in reality the tiniest, the most unimportant, and the only barbaric peninsula whereby every form of culture and every portion of civilization came from the Orient, i.e. the Asiatic mainland, with significant African additions.

The Uyghur Manichaean Sermon from Manichaean manuscript unearthed in the legendary German Turfan expeditions

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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dilleri

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюркские_языки

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksprachen

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥语族

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchak_languages

ttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铁勒

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingling

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Динлины

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаоцзюй

Asia in the beginning of the 1st c. CE

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiung-nu

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хунну

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/匈奴

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yüeçiler

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юэчжи

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/月氏

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharlar

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohar_dilleri

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тохары

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吐火罗人

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharer

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharische_Sprachen

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/德國吐魯番考察隊

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Turfanexpeditionen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9ditions_allemandes_%C3%A0_Tourfan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turghun_Almas

Click to access a_popova_2008c.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizil_Caves

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кизил_(пещеры)

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kızıl_Mağaraları

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausend-Buddha-Höhlen_von_Kizil

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/克孜尔千佛洞

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthaliten

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эфталиты

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/嚈噠

Asia around the year 500 CE

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Hun_İmparatorluğu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бамианские_статуи_Будды

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-Statuen_von_Bamiyan

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamyan_Buda_heykelleri

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/تندیس%E2%80%8Cهای_بودا_در_بامیان

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/巴米揚大佛

Sampul tapestry from the area of Khotan, today at the Museum of Urumqi, Eastern Turkestan/Xinjiang – 1st c. CE; it depicts a Yuezhi soldier.

II. A Brief Diagram of Uyghur History

Uyghur History apparently involves a very wide range of sites, monuments and historical sources, starting with the famous Tarim mummies that are dated in the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The modern Uyghur nation was progressively formed following first, the numerous Turanian migrations that determined World History for several thousands of years, and second, the expansion of the Han dynasty of China in the ‘West’, which corresponds to the eastern confines of what we call nowadays ‘Central Asia’. Han expansion in the West is the result of the victorious wars of the Han kings against the Hiung-Nu.

Tarim mummies

However, we cannot discuss of proper ‘ Chinese expansionism’ in the way we use this term in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Phoenicia-Carthage, Iran, Rome, the Eastern Roman Empire, and several Islamic caliphates, empires and kingdoms; it was rather a ceaseless effort to bring order, peace, balance and security to a vast area that was incessantly crisscrossed by migrants, raiders and nomads. Even the expeditions of Ban Chao reflect rather an effort of mercantile interests and diplomatic contacts with other orderly kingdoms, and not a real, genuine effort of militarily undertaken territorial expansion. The wider Tarim Basin was not literarily annexed to China, but rather viewed as a ‘protectorate’. Several preponderantly Turanian kingdoms prospered there for many centuries, succeeding to one another, under only nominal Chinese authority; they constitute the early phases of Uyghur History because, Turanian or not, they have been progressively assimilated, ethnically and culturally, into the Turanian Uyghurs.

Uyghur History and Cultural Heritage encompass the various small Turanian kingdoms that prospered under Chinese tutelage during the last century of the 1st millennium BCE and the first half of the 1st millennium CE, namely the kingdoms of Qiemo (且末), Loulan (or Kroran / كروران/楼兰), Khotan (于闐), Shule (疏勒) in Kashgar, Gaochang (高昌/ of the Jushi people /車師; in the area of today’s Qocho), the kingdom of Kucha (كۇچار /龜茲) which was described in the Chinese Annals as the strongest and largest among the “thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions”, and many other states.

Tarim Basin in the 3rd century CE

Colonial historiographers erroneously Indo-Europeanize the pre-Khaganate (First Turkic Khaganate: 552-603) historical periods of Ancient Asia; otherwise, they could not further support the theory of ‘Turkic migration’. This theory is entirely fabricated in order not to disrupt many Orientalist fallacies concerning the history of many different nations and lands that colonial academia intentionally dissociated from Turanians, due to entirely racist political reasons. The phenomenon of Turanian movements across all parts of the Asiatic continent (‘Europe’ included) is true, but it antedates the 6th c. CE, which is the very false date that colonial historiographers comfortably set for the above mentioned purposes. For instance, the Rouran Khaganate (330-555) cannot be dissociated from the Turanian History, and there are many Chinese historical sources testifying to this, because they ostensibly and repeatedly associate the Rouran with the Hiung-Nu.

Rouran Khaganate

First Turkic Khaganate / Göktürk Kağanlığı – 575 CE

Das erste Kaganat der Kök-Türken im Jahr 575

Shoroon Bumbagar tomb: Göktürk period – 7th c., Mongolia

The famous bilingual Bugut inscription (from the Guden Sum temple, which was built at the end of the 17th c.) dates back to the times of the First Turkic Khaganate (ca. 584 CE): this is the part written in Sogdian. Tsetserleg, Mongolia

Turkic knights depicted on the wall paintings of the Maya Cave (section 3) in the Kizil Caves of Eastern Turkestan that date back to the times of the Buddhist Uyghur kingdom of Kucha (not to be confused with Qocho) 6th c.

Western Turkic Khaganate (On-Ok: 581-742) and Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Oguz: 581-645)

Western Turks visit the king Varkhuman of Sogdiana in Afrasiyab (Samarkand) at ca. 650 CE

Western Turkic Khaganate

Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744)

After the First Turkic Khaganate was divided into Western Khaganate (581-742) and Eastern Khaganate (581-645), after the Tang China campaign against the Eastern Turks (629-630), after the defeat of the Western Turks (657), and after the rise and fall of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744), the Uyghurs rose in prominence. The Uyghur Khaganate (744-840) was the first and only Manichaean state in the World History. Following its decline, a certain number of smaller kingdoms were formed, notably those of Khotan and Qocho (843-1132; also known as Kara-Khoja), before they were all gradually absorbed within the Afrasiab (Kara-Khanid) Khanate (840-1212). This confederate Turanian kingdom expanded also westwards in Transoxiana (Υπερωξειανή / ما وراء النهر – Mawarannahr / мавераннахр), in today’s Uzbekistan, and the ruling dynasty adhered to Islam. Around the middle of the 10th c., we attest to a process of systematic diffusion of Islam among the Uyghurs.

Asia around the year 600 CE

Tang dynasty China at 669 CE

Uyghur Khaganate

Uyghur Khaganate

This phenomenon continued also when the Qara Khitai (1124-1218; also known as Great Liao) supplanted partly first and entirely later the Afrasiab / Kara-khanids. As a matter of fact, the Buddhist Qara Khitai dynasty was a family of tolerant Turanians who ruled over a population that was Muslim in its majority; they prevailed across vast territories in Central Asia, Central Siberia, and Eastern Siberia, also establishing an alliance, in the ‘West’, with the Turanian Muslim dynasty of Khwarazm (which controlled parts of today’s Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Iran). Muslim, Buddhist, Nestorian Christian, and Manichaean Uyghurs coexisted for several centuries, under either non-Muslim or Muslim dynasties.

Kara-Khanid Khanate at 1006 CE

The Kara-Khanids and their powerful NE neighbor, the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate

The Buddhist Turanian Qara Khitai Empire and the Uyghur Khanates of Turfan and Kansu

The maximum expansion of the Qara-Khitai

At the times of the Turanian Mongol Empire (1206–1368), the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1340s), the Uyghurs were incorporated into these vast nomad states, and the Chinese imperial authority over them was only nominal, even during the Turanian Mongol ‘Yuan’ dynasty (1272-1368). Following the Chagatai division into Western Chagatai Khanate (1340s–1370) and Eastern Chagatai Khanate (also known as Moghulistan; 1340s–1680), the Uyghurs were either incorporated into the latter or ruled by various local dynasties; they were still followers of different religions, who coexisted peacefully within a culturally unified environment fostered by common interests, activities and means of communication.

Genghis Khan, his movements and his immense empire

The Chagatai Khanate was divided into Western Chagatai Khanate (1340s–1370) and Eastern Chagatai Khanate (also known as Moghulistan; 1340s–1680); this map shows Moghulistan at ca. 1370.

The Chagatai Khanate was divided into Western Chagatai Khanate (1340s–1370) and Eastern Chagatai Khanate (also known as Moghulistan; 1340s–1680); this map shows Moghulistan at ca. 1490.

The existence of several prosperous Uyghur kingdoms highlights the spiritual-cultural pluralism that prevailed among them at those days; among them the most important are the Kara Del kingdom (1389-1513), which was predominantly Buddhist, the Islamic Turpan Khanate (1487-1690), which entered into wars with Ming China (1368-1644), the Islamic Yarkent Khanate (1514-1705), as well as the Khojas of Kashgar and of the six cities (Altishahr). Due to the divisions among the branches of Khoja Islamic mysticism, following the troubles they had with Tibet, and after the intervention of the extremist Oirat Turanian Buddhists (rather known as the Dzungarian khanate), the Uyghur lived a real nightmare during the Dzungar – Qing China wars (1687-1757).

East Asia at 1616

The Chinese-Muslim Uyghur-Russian alliance against the powerful, extremist Buddhist Dzungar Turanian Khanate (1687-1757)

China at the time of the extremist Chinese-Christian Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), which was instigated by the uncontrolled, vicious activities of the American Protestant missionaries and their local puppets, notably Hong Xiuquan

The successful result of the many, consecutive Chinese campaigns against the Dzungar extremists pacified the Uyghurs and determined to great extent the borders of Modern China, allowing also the possibility of several local Muslim rulers to fully govern their realms as vassals of the Qing monarch. It was only then that the last Buddhist Uyghurs renounced their religion. In fact, the Dzungar genocide was the result of an Islamic Uyghur – Chinese alliance. However, the relations worsened when the Manchus controlled China; various atrocities ended up in the Afaqi Khoja holy war (1759-1866), which is at the origin of all posterior problems between the Uyghurs and the Chinese authorities.

Turkestan divided between Russia and China: Russian-Chinese borders and Russian administrative provinces of Western Turkestan in 1900

The Chinese-Russian borders in the area of Semirechye (Семиречье), i.e. the ‘Seven Rivers Region’, which is today part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西域都護府

http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiyu.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/安西大都护府

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expansionism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkv%C3%B6lker

http://steppenreiter.de/turkv%C3%B6lker.htm

http://www.mongolian-art.de/galerie_comic_geheime_geschichte/054-0550.jpg.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюрки

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прототюрки

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/柔然

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Жужаньский_каганат

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstes_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenreich

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥汗国

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk_Kağanlığı

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batı_Göktürk_Kağanlığı

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Западно-тюркский_каганат

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西突厥

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восточно-тюркский_каганат

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Второй_Восточно-тюркский_каганат

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/后突厥汗国

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/İkinci_Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uigurisches_Kaganat

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурский_каганат

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygur_Kağanlığı

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/回鹘汗国

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocho

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурское_Турфанское_идыкутство

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Идикут

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаочан

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/高昌

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocho_(Gaochang)

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahoca_Uygur_Krallığı

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachaniden

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahanlılar

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Караханидское_государство

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/喀喇汗国

https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/«قاراخان»_دىكى_«قارا»_نىڭ_قىسقىچە_تارىخىي_تەبىرى

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/آل_افراسیاب

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Khitai

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kitai

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каракитайское_ханство

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西辽

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahıtaylar

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/بلاساغون

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ануштегиниды

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государство_Хорезмшахов

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/خوارزمشاهیان

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/خوارزم

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezm

https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezmşahlar_Devleti

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresmien

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Choresm-Schahs#Die_Dynastie_der_Anuschteginiden

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresm-Schahs

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuschteginiden

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模王朝

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Del

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate#Turpan_Khanate_(1487%E2%80%931690)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan#15th_and_16th_centuries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altishahr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_genocide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80f%C4%81q%C4%AB_Khoja_Holy_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs

The territories of the precarious, secessionist First East Turkestan Republic in 1933-1934

The territories of the precarious, secessionist Second East Turkestan Republic in 1944-1949

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